D056631colony collapse1increasedWeakened, ColonyWeakened, ColonyPopulation<p>Text from LaLone et al. (2017) Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activaiton of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death. <em>Science of the Total Environment</em> 584-585, 751-775:</p>
<p>"The characteristics evaluated to determine the strength/health of honey bee colonies, include adequate numbers of adult bees, presence of sealed and open brood, adequate amounts of stored pollen, nectar and sealed honey, the absence of pests and disease, and the presence of a queen that lays eggs in consistent and tight patterns, with limited eggless cells (Sagili and Burgett, 2011). If the colony is weakened by any one (or a combination) of these factors for an extended period, a critical point can be reached<br />
that will lead to colony failure. Through honey bee population dynamics models, it has been demonstrated that loss of foragers leading to precocious foraging of young bees may restore the overall foraging capacity, but the brood rearing capacity of the colony might be reduced (Khoury et al., 2011). Further, as noted above, precocious foragers are less effective and resilient, causing the forager death rate to increase. The model predicts that sustained forager losses that reduce the force by two-thirds would place a colony at risk for failure (Khoury et al., 2011). Additionally, proper brood rearing is essential to the development of healthy adult bees."</p>
<p>Text from Table 2 in LaLone et al. (2017) Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activaiton of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death. <em>Science of the Total Environment</em> 584-585, 751-775:</p>
<p>"• Count number of adult bees, presence of sealed and open brood, assess amount of food stores by visual method or by weighing,<br />
assess presence/absence of pests and disease, evaluate egg laying patterns of queen<br />
• Brood care behavior can be evaluated by filming the brood nest and then recording nursing frequency, total nursing period per<br />
hour, and average duration of nursing episodes for individual cells<br />
• Cannibalism of brood can be detected by mapping eggs, larvae and pupae present on brood frames and noting developmental<br />
stages for each individual, then inspecting daily for missing larvae<br />
• Assess health of bee: dry weight, muscle development, protein content"</p>
<p>LaLone, C.A., Villeneuve, D.L., Wu-Smart, J., Milsk, R.Y., Sappington, K., Garber, K.V., Housenger, J. and Ankley, G.T., 2017. Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death.<em> </em>STOTEN. 584-585, 751-775.</p>
<p>Sagili, R.R., Burgett, D.M., 2011. Evaluating honey bee colonies for pollination: a guide for<br />
commercial growers and beekeepers. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication. vol.<br />
623, pp. 1–8.</p>
<p>Khoury, D.S.,Myerscough,M.R., Barron, A.B., 2011. A quantitativemodel of honey bee colony<br />
population dynamics. PLoS One 6 (4), e18491.</p>
<p> </p>
2016-11-29T18:41:292018-06-07T11:04:32Death/Failure, ColonyDeath/Failure, ColonyPopulation<p>Text from LaLone et al. (2017) Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activaiton of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death. <em>Science of the Total Environment</em> 584-585, 751-775:</p>
<p>"Colony death/failure is defined as demise of a functional colony. Dramatic losses in the number of managed honey bee colonies have been reported across the globe (Potts et al., 2010) and efforts have been undertaken to survey and identify trends in losses over time, particularly in the US and European Union. Most recent survey results collected in the US have shown that managed honey bee colony losses are significantly higher than those deemed acceptable by beekeepers (Seitz et al., 2015). From surveying commercial (>300 colonies), sideline (25–300 colonies), and small scale <25 colonies) beekeepers, average annual colony losses (both<br />
summer and winter losses) per operation in the US during 2014–2015 were 49%, compared to 18.7% that has been identified by beekeepers as an acceptable loss rate (Seitz et al., 2015). Starvation, poor over-winter survival, and weak colonies, were among the most common perceived causes of loss reported by bee keepers (Seitz et al., 2015). Commercial beekeepers, managing thousands of colonies, self-reported colony collapse disorder and pesticides as third and fourth leading reasons for colony loss, respectively (Seitz et al., 2015)."</p>
<p>LaLone, C.A., Villeneuve, D.L., Wu-Smart, J., Milsk, R.Y., Sappington, K., Garber, K.V., Housenger, J. and Ankley, G.T., 2017. Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death.<em> </em>STOTEN. 584-585, 751-775.</p>
<p>Potts, S.G., Biesmeijer, J.C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., Kunin, W.E., 2010.<br />
Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25 (6),<br />
345–353.</p>
<p>Seitz, N., Traynor, K.S., Steinhauer, N., Rennich, K., Wilson, M.E., Ellis, D., Rose, R., Tarpy,<br />
D.R., Sagili, R.R., Caron, D.M., Delaplane, K.S., Rangel, J., Lee, K., Baylis, K., Wilkes, J.T.,<br />
Skinner, J.A., Pettis, J.S., vanEngelsdorp, D., 2015. A national survey of managed<br />
honey bee 2014–2015 annual colony losses in the USA. J. Apic. Res. 54 (4), 1–12.</p>
<p> </p>
2016-11-29T18:41:252018-06-07T11:15:115d47b94d-1dc2-49d6-b820-96c9f57c5555064828b2-1351-4a2e-be98-afdd59c64b132016-11-29T18:41:362016-12-03T16:38:04Weather event contributes to colony loss/failureWeather to colony loss/failureUnder Development: Contributions and Comments WelcomeUnder Development1.29adjacentNot SpecifiedNot Specified2016-11-29T18:41:172023-04-29T16:02:59