15307-79-6KPHWPUGNDIVLNH-UHFFFAOYSA-MKPHWPUGNDIVLNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Diclofenac sodiumBenzeneacetic acid, 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]-, monosodium salt
[2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetate de sodium
[2-[(2,6-diclorofenil)amino]fenil]acetato de sodio
[o-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic acid sodium salt
{2-[(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl}acetate de sodium
2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)phenylacetic acid sodium salt
2-[(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)amino]benzene acetic acid monosodium salt
Acetic acid, [o-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]-, monosodium salt
Allvoran
Assaren
Benfofen
Benzeneacetic acid, 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]-, sodium salt (1:1)
Cataflam
Delphimix
Diacron
Dichronic
Diclobene
Diclobenin
Diclodyn
Diclofen SR 100
Diclofenac sodium salt
Diclofenac-Na Emulgel
Diclofenacsodium Emulgel
Diclokalium
Diclophenac sodium
Diclo-Phlogont
Diclo-Puren
Diclord
Diclorep
Dicloreum
Diklovit
Dolobasan
Duravolten
Dyloject
Effekton
Evofenac
Feloran
Fortfen
Hyanalgese D
Inflaban
Kriplex
N-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-o-aminophenylacetic acid sodium salt
Natrium-[2-[(2,6-dichlorphenyl)amino]phenyl]acetat
Neriodin
Novapirina
Orthofen
Orthophen
Primofenac
Profenac
Prophenatin
Rhumalgan
sodium [2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetate
Sodium [o-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetate
Sodium 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)-phenyl-acetate
Sodium diclofenac
Sorelmon
Tsudohmin
Valetan
Voltaren
Voltaren Ophtha
Voltaren Ophtha CD
Voltarol
Voveran
DTXSID3037208CHEBI:26523reactive oxygen speciesCHEBI:26216potassium atomD001145Arrhythmias, CardiacGO:1903409reactive oxygen species biosynthetic processMP:0003674oxidative stressMP:0004154renal tubular necrosisD009026mortality1increased3occurrenceDiclofenac sodium2016-11-29T18:42:092016-11-29T18:42:09WikiUser_28VertebratesWikiUser_22all speciesUnknown, MIEUnknown, MIEMolecular2016-11-29T18:41:292016-12-03T16:37:53Increased, Reactive oxygen speciesIncreased, Reactive oxygen speciesCellular<p>Biological State: increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)</p>
<p>Biological compartment: an entire cell -- may be cytosolic, may also enter organelles.</p>
<p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are O2- derived molecules that can be both free radicals (e.g. superoxide, hydroxyl, peroxyl, alcoxyl) and non-radicals (hypochlorous acid, ozone and singlet oxygen) (Bedard and Krause 2007; Ozcan and Ogun 2015). ROS production occurs naturally in all kinds of tissues inside various cellular compartments, such as mitochondria and peroxisomes (Drew and Leeuwenburgh 2002; Ozcan and Ogun 2015). Furthermore, these molecules have an important function in the regulation of several biological processes – they might act as antimicrobial agents or triggers of animal gamete activation and capacitation (Goud et al. 2008; Parrish 2010; Bisht et al. 2017). <br />
However, in environmental stress situations (exposure to radiation, chemicals, high temperatures) these molecules have its levels drastically increased, and overly interact with macromolecules, namely nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, causing cell and tissue damage (Brieger et al. 2012; Ozcan and Ogun 2015). </p>
<p>Photocolorimetric assays (Sharma et al. 2017; Griendling et al. 2016) or through commercial kits purchased from specialized companies.</p>
<p>Yuan, Yan, et al., (2013) described ROS monitoring by using H<sub>2</sub>-DCF-DA, a redox-sensitive fluorescent dye. Briefly, the harvested cells were incubated with H<sub>2</sub>-DCF-DA (50 µmol/L final concentration) for 30 min in the dark at 37°C. After treatment, cells were immediately washed twice, re-suspended in PBS, and analyzed on a BD-FACS Aria flow cytometry. ROS generation was based on fluorescent intensity which was recorded by excitation at 504 nm and emission at 529 nm.</p>
<p>Lipid peroxidation (LPO) can be measured as an indicator of oxidative stress damage Yen, Cheng Chien, et al., (2013).</p>
<p>Chattopadhyay, Sukumar, et al. (2002) assayed the generation of free radicals within the cells and their extracellular release in the medium by addition of yellow NBT salt solution (Park et al., 1968). Extracellular release of ROS converted NBT to a purple colored formazan. The cells were incubated with 100 ml of 1 mg/ml NBT solution for 1 h at 37 °C and the product formed was assayed at 550 nm in an Anthos 2001 plate reader. The observations of the ‘cell-free system’ were confirmed by cytological examination of parallel set of explants stained with chromogenic reactions for NO and ROS.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ROS is a normal constituent found in all organisms.</p>
HighUnspecificHighAll life stagesHigh<p>B.H. Park, S.M. Fikrig, E.M. Smithwick Infection and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by neutrophils: a diagnostic aid Lancet, 2 (1968), pp. 532-534</p>
<p>Bedard, Karen, and Karl-Heinz Krause. 2007. “The NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology.” Physiological Reviews 87 (1): 245–313.</p>
<p>Bisht, Shilpa, Muneeb Faiq, Madhuri Tolahunase, and Rima Dada. 2017. “Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility.” Nature Reviews. Urology 14 (8): 470–85.</p>
<p>Brieger, K., S. Schiavone, F. J. Miller Jr, and K-H Krause. 2012. “Reactive Oxygen Species: From Health to Disease.” Swiss Medical Weekly 142 (August): w13659.</p>
<p>Chattopadhyay, Sukumar, et al. "Apoptosis and necrosis in developing brain cells due to arsenic toxicity and protection with antioxidants." Toxicology letters 136.1 (2002): 65-76.</p>
<p>Drew, Barry, and Christiaan Leeuwenburgh. 2002. “Aging and the Role of Reactive Nitrogen Species.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 959 (April): 66–81.</p>
<p>Goud, Anuradha P., Pravin T. Goud, Michael P. Diamond, Bernard Gonik, and Husam M. Abu-Soud. 2008. “Reactive Oxygen Species and Oocyte Aging: Role of Superoxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Hypochlorous Acid.” Free Radical Biology & Medicine 44 (7): 1295–1304.</p>
<p>Griendling, Kathy K., Rhian M. Touyz, Jay L. Zweier, Sergey Dikalov, William Chilian, Yeong-Renn Chen, David G. Harrison, Aruni Bhatnagar, and American Heart Association Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences. 2016. “Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species, and Redox-Dependent Signaling in the Cardiovascular System: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.” Circulation Research 119 (5): e39–75.</p>
<p>Ozcan, Ayla, and Metin Ogun. 2015. “Biochemistry of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species.” In Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress, edited by Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder. Rijeka: IntechOpen.</p>
<p>Parrish, A. R. 2010. “2.27 - Hypoxia/Ischemia Signaling.” In Comprehensive Toxicology (Second Edition), edited by Charlene A. McQueen, 529–42. Oxford: Elsevier.</p>
<p>Sharma, Gunjan, Nishant Kumar Rana, Priya Singh, Pradeep Dubey, Daya Shankar Pandey, and Biplob Koch. 2017. “p53 Dependent Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Delay Induced by Heteroleptic Complexes in Human Cervical Cancer Cells.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 88 (April): 218–31.</p>
<p>Yen, Cheng Chien, et al. "Inorganic arsenic causes cell apoptosis in mouse cerebrum through an oxidative stress-regulated signaling pathway." Archives of toxicology 85 (2011): 565-575.</p>
<p>Yuan, Yan, et al. "Cadmium-induced apoptosis in primary rat cerebral cortical neurons culture is mediated by a calcium signaling pathway." PloS one 8.5 (2013): e64330.</p>
2016-11-29T18:41:292023-07-26T14:34:09Increased, Oxidative StressIncreased, Oxidative StressMolecularCL:0000255eukaryotic cell2016-11-29T18:41:292022-02-03T14:20:13Occurrence, renal proximal tubular necrosisOccurrence, renal proximal tubular necrosisTissueUBERON:0004134proximal tubule2016-11-29T18:41:292017-09-16T10:16:38Increased, blood potassium concentrationIncreased, blood potassium concentrationTissueUBERON:0000178blood2016-11-29T18:41:292017-09-16T10:16:39Occurrence, cardiac arrhythmiaOccurrence, cardiac arrhythmiaOrganUBERON:0000948heart2016-11-29T18:41:292017-09-16T10:17:22Increased MortalityIncreased MortalityPopulation<p><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="color:black">Increased mortality refers to an increase in the number of individuals dying in an experimental replicate group or in a population over a specific period of time.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">Mortality of animals is generally observed as cessation of the heart beat, breathing (gill or lung movement) and locomotory movements. Mortality is typically measured by observation. Depending on the size of the organism, instruments such as microscopes may be used. The reported metric is mostly the mortality rate: the number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular cause.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">Depending on the species and the study setup, mortality can be measured:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">in the lab by recording mortality during exposure experiments</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">in dedicated setups simulating a realistic situation such as mesocosms or drainable ponds for aquatic species</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">in the field, for example by determining age structure after one capture, or by capture-mark-recapture efforts. The latter is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size where it is impractical to count every individual.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p>All living things are susceptible to mortality.</p>
ModerateUnspecificHighAll life stagesHigh2016-11-29T18:41:242022-07-08T07:32:2631e811a6-c62b-4912-b650-57abef321800f809b321-3883-4c87-86c0-726ef82bad0a2016-11-29T18:41:362016-12-03T16:38:04f809b321-3883-4c87-86c0-726ef82bad0a48dfc932-9adf-47be-864f-a46db1fd2b862016-11-29T18:41:362023-07-31T15:55:2548dfc932-9adf-47be-864f-a46db1fd2b86396002af-7f7f-45d6-a5f4-23879c7db2362016-11-29T18:41:362016-12-03T16:38:04396002af-7f7f-45d6-a5f4-23879c7db236eb26281b-23bd-4643-b602-f2e16aa4bf5b2016-11-29T18:41:362016-12-03T16:38:04eb26281b-23bd-4643-b602-f2e16aa4bf5b215b59e1-e048-4aca-8163-b3ba3268038a2016-11-29T18:41:362016-12-03T16:38:04215b59e1-e048-4aca-8163-b3ba3268038ad0a253f7-158d-47f0-b9f4-68e3cf0bb9712016-11-29T18:41:362016-12-03T16:38:04unknown MIE leading to renal failure and mortalityunknown MIE renal failure<p>Kellie Fay</p>
Under Development: Contributions and Comments WelcomeUnder Development1.29<p>Increased mortality is one of the most common regulatory assessment endpoints, along with reduced growth and reduced reproduction.</p>
adjacentNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedadjacentNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedadjacentNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedadjacentNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedadjacentNot SpecifiedNot Specifiednon-adjacentNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified2016-11-29T18:41:172023-04-29T16:02:59