59456-70-1WWJFFVUVFNBJTN-UIBIZFFUSA-NWWJFFVUVFNBJTN-UIBIZFFUSA-N
Nikkomycinsβ-D-Allofuranuronic acid, 5-[[(2S,3S,4S)-2-amino-4-hydroxy-4-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]amino]-1,5-dideoxy-1-(3,4-dihydro-2,4-dioxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)-
DTXSID5058436GO:0018990ecdysis, chitin-based cuticleD009026mortality2decreased1increasedPolyoxin D2020-10-23T06:20:122020-10-23T06:20:12Nikkomycins2018-05-24T15:54:092018-05-24T15:54:097116Pieris brassicae7375Lucilia cuprinaWCS_35525Daphnia magnaWCS_35525crustaceansWikiUser_5insectsInhibition, ChitobiaseInhibition, ChitobiaseMolecular2020-10-21T02:07:482021-09-08T07:35:19Decrease, Digestion of old cuticleDecrease, Digestion of old cuticleOrgan2016-11-29T18:41:282020-10-21T02:05:51Increase, Premature moltingIncrease, Premature moltingIndividual<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14px">This key event is measured on the level of the individual. In order to grow and develop, arthropods need to shed their exoskeleton periodically (molting) (Heming 2018). During molting, the newly secreted cuticle is subject to mechanical stress associated and therefore needs to possess enough structural and functional integrity. The ecdysis motor program, which constitutes the behavioral part of the cuticle shedding requires the newly secreted cuticle to possess a certain strength to support for muscular force in order to shed the old cuticle (Ewer 2005). Cuticular integrity is also important after ecdysis, as insects and crustaceans expand their new cuticle by increasing internal pressure by swallowing air and water, respectively. This happens in order to expand and provide stability to the new cuticle until it is hardened (tanned) (Clarke 1957; Lee 1961; Dall et al. 1978; deFur et al. 1985). If arthropods are not able to molt properly, the organism will eventually die. Premature molting describes the unsuccessful molting where the organism is not able to shed the old cuticle, but also other effects related to molting in an immature stage where the new cuticle is not mature enough for the molt, such as rupture of the new cuticle and associated desiccation, deformities, higher susceptibility to pathogens or impaired locomotion. Specific effects observed are animals stuck in their exuviae (Wang et al., 2019), and if molting can be completed despite an immature cuticle, animals might be smaller and die at subsequent molts (Arakawa et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2008; Mohammed et al., 2017).</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Premature molting can be determined by observation. No standardized tests for the endpoint of molting exist to date. However, during an OECD 202 <em>Daphnia</em> sp. Acute immobilization test (OECD 2004), the cumulative number of molts can be assessed as an additional endpoint. Molting can also be assessed during a OECD 211 <em>Daphnia</em> sp. Reproduction test (OECD 2012), as proposed previously (OECD 2003). One could even prolong the test to 96h to get a clearer result of this endpoint. Additionally, one could apply histopathological methods to monitor the maturity of the newly synthesized cuticle (e.g. thickness of procuticle).</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Taxonomic: </strong>Effect data for the occurrence of this KE exist from <em>Pieris brassicae</em> and <em>Lucilia cuprina</em>. However, all arthropods undergo molting, so it is highly likely that this KE is applicable to the whole phylum of arthropods.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Life stage: </strong>This KE is applicable for organisms that undergo molting in order to grow and develop, namely larval stages of insects and all life stages of crustaceans and arachnids.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Sex: </strong>This KE is applicable to all sexes.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Chemical:</strong> Substances known to induce premature molting are of the family of pyrimidine nucleosides (e.g. polyoxin D and nikkomycin Z) (Gijswijt et al. 1979; Tellam et al. 2000; Arakawa et al. 2008).</span></span></p>
ModerateUnspecificHighLarvaeHighJuvenileModerateAdultHighHigh<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Arakawa T, Yukuhiro F, Noda H. 2008. Insecticidal effect of a fungicide containing polyoxin B on the larvae of <em>Bombyx mori</em> (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), <em>Mamestra brassicae</em>, <em>Mythimna separata</em>, and <em>Spodoptera litura</em> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Appl Entomol Zool. 43(2):173–181. doi:10.1303/aez.2008.173.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Chen, X.; Tian, H.; Zou, L.; Tang, B.; Hu, J.; Zhang, W. Disruption of Spodoptera Exigua Larval Development by Silencing Chitin Synthase Gene A with RNA Interference. Bull. Entomol. Res. 2008, 98 (6), 613–619. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485308005932.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Clarke KU. 1957. On the Increase in Linear Size During Growth in Locusta Migratoria L. Proc R Entomol Soc London Ser A, Gen Entomol. 32(1–<br />
3):35–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1957.tb00361.x.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Dall W, Smith DM, Press B. 1978. Water uptake at ecdysis in the western rock lobster. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol. 35(1960). doi:10.1016/0022-<br />
0981(78)90074-6.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">deFur PL, Mangum CP, McMahon BR. 1985. Cardiovascular and Ventilatory Changes During Ecdysis in the Blue Crab Callinectes Sapidus<br />
Rathbun. J Crustac Biol. 5(2):207–215. doi:10.2307/1547867.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Ewer J. 2005. How the ecdysozoan changed its coat. PLoS Biol. 3(10):1696–1699. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030349.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Gijswijt MJ, Deul DH, de Jong BJ. 1979. Inhibition of chitin synthesis by benzoyl-phenylurea insecticides, III. Similarity in action in <em>Pieris brassicae</em> (L.) with Polyoxin D. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 12(1):87–94. doi:10.1016/0048-3575(79)90098-1.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Heming BS. 2018. Insect development and evolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Mohammed, A. M. A.; DIab, M. R.; Abdelsattar, M.; Khalil, S. M. S. Characterization and RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Chitin Synthase A in the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea Operculella. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7 (1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09858-y.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Lee RM. 1961. The variation of blood volume with age in the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.). J Insect Physiol. 6(1):36–51.<br />
doi:10.1016/0022-1910(61)90090-7.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">OECD (2003), Proposal for an Enhanced Test Guideline. Daphnia magna Reproduction Test. Draft OECD Guidel. Test. Chem. Enhanc. Tech. Guid. Doc. 211 21.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">OECD (2004), <em>Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test</em>, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, OECD Publishing, Paris, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264069947-en" title="">https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264069947-en</a>.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">OECD (2012), <em>Test No. 211: Daphnia magna Reproduction Test</em>, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, OECD Publishing, Paris, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264185203-en" title="">https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264185203-en</a>.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Tellam RL, Vuocolo T, Johnson SE, Jarmey J, Pearson RD. 2000. Insect chitin synthase. cDNA sequence, gene organization and expression. Eur J Biochem. 267(19):6025–6043. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01679.x.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Wang, Z.; Yang, H.; Zhou, C.; Yang, W. J.; Jin, D. C.; Long, G. Y. Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Functional Analysis of the Chitin Synthase 1 Gene and Its Two Alternative Splicing Variants in the White-Backed Planthopper, Sogatella Furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Sci. Rep. 2019, 9 (1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37488-5.</span></span></p>
2018-05-24T15:58:582021-02-17T05:30:13Increase, MortalityIncrease, MortalityIndividual<p><span style="font-size:14px">This key event is observed at the biological level of the individual and describes the increase of mortality of individuals upon exposure to a stressor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">The AO can be detected by observation, for example by immobilization of the respective organisms. There exist guidelines for the characterization of this AO in arthropods. For example, the OECD 202 Daphnia sp. Acute immobilization test </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:
yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1787/9789264069947-en","ISBN":"9789264069947","PMID":"128","abstract":"This
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24 hours at the start of the test, are exposed to the test substance at a range
of concentrations (at least five concentrations) for a period of 48 hours.
Immobilisation is recorded at 24 hours and 48 hours and compared with control
values. The results are analysed in order to calculate the EC50 at 48h. Determination
of the EC50 at 24h is optional. At least 20 animals, preferably divided into
four groups of five animals each, should be used at each test concentration and
for the controls. At least 2 ml of test solution should be provided for each
animal (i.e. a volume of 10 ml for five daphnids per test vessel). The limit
test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. The study report should include
the observation for immobilized daphnids at 24 and 48 hours after the beginning
of the test and the measures of dissolved oxygen, pH, concentration of the test
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->(OECD 2004)<!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
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EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size:14px"> which can also be modified depending on the effect one expects.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Taxonomic: </strong>This AO is applicable to all living organisms.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Life stage: </strong>This AO is applicable to all life stages.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Sex: </strong>This AO is applicable to all sexes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Chemical:</strong> Substances known to increase mortality in arthropods are of the family of pyrimidine nucleosides (e.g. polyoxin D and nikkomycin Z) (Gijswijt et al. 1979; Tellam et al. 2000; Arakawa et al. 2008).</span></p>
HighUnspecificHighAll life stagesHighHigh<p><span style="font-size:14px">Arakawa T, Yukuhiro F, Noda H. 2008. Insecticidal effect of a fungicide containing polyoxin B on the larvae of <em>Bombyx mori</em> (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), <em>Mamestra brassicae</em>, <em>Mythimna separata</em>, and <em>Spodoptera litura</em> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Appl Entomol Zool. 43(2):173–181. doi:10.1303/aez.2008.173.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Gijswijt MJ, Deul DH, de Jong BJ. 1979. Inhibition of chitin synthesis by benzoyl-phenylurea insecticides, III. Similarity in action in <em>Pieris brassicae</em> (L.) with Polyoxin D. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 12(1):87–94. doi:10.1016/0048-3575(79)90098-1.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">OECD. 2004. Test No. 202: <em>Daphnia sp.</em> Acute Immobilisation Test. OECD OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2. [accessed 2020 Mar 3]. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-202-daphnia-sp-acute-immobilisation-test_9789264069947-en.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Tellam RL, Vuocolo T, Johnson SE, Jarmey J, Pearson RD. 2000. Insect chitin synthase. cDNA sequence, gene organization and expression. Eur J Biochem. 267(19):6025–6043. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01679.x.</span></p>
2016-11-29T18:41:242020-10-26T05:18:1618eaf65c-ace4-45b2-a971-07896244a2c408bda25b-ecc7-4dd6-bbcf-439c9d65f6eb2020-10-21T02:16:522020-10-21T02:16:5208bda25b-ecc7-4dd6-bbcf-439c9d65f6eb38a212e5-1207-42b0-a1ab-6396761479442020-10-21T02:12:342020-10-21T02:12:3438a212e5-1207-42b0-a1ab-6396761479448fde68ff-f365-4e0a-97b3-776bc7b6bdc5<p><span style="font-size:14px">During molting, arthropods pause food uptake and in certain cases also respiration (Camp et al. 2014; Song et al. 2017a). If molting is disrupted and the organism is not able to shed the old exoskeleton, the organism may eventually die of starvation, suffocation or the rupture of the exoskeleton.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">In order to grow and develop, arthropods need to molt periodically (Heming 2018). Since molting is a determining point in arthropod development, the disruption of molting leads to increased mortality (Arakawa et al. 2008; Merzendorfer et al. 2012; Song et al. 2017a; Song et al. 2017b). During ecdysis, arthropods pause food intake and respiration (Camp et al. 2014; Song et al. 2017a). Therefore, if the molt cannot be completed, the organism may die of starvation or suffocation. Additionally, if the cuticle is immature, it may not withstand the stresses associated with ecdysis (Clarke 1957; Lee 1961; Dall et al. 1978; deFur et al. 1985), and the organism may die of desiccation or increased susceptibility to pathogens. Given the well understood biological processes, the biological plausibility of this KER was rated as high.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">The event of premature molting is not well characterized. It gets mentioned as cause of death in studies with <em>Pieris brassicae, Spodoptera litura</em>, <em>Bombyx mori </em>and <em>Lucilia cuprina </em>after treatment with polyoxin D, polyoxin B, polyoxin AL (a mixture of polyoxins) and nikkomycin Z (Gijswijt et al. 1979; Tellam et al. 2000; Arakawa et al. 2008). The increase in mortality was reported in studies with <em>Lucilia cuprina</em>,<em> Spodoptera litura</em> and <em>Bombyx mori </em>(Tellam et al. 2000; Tellam and Eisemann 2000; Arakawa et al. 2008). Evidence from studies which assess and link both endpoints, and therefore would support dose concordance, is lacking. However, results from studies where CHS-1 was knocked down by RNA interference support temporal concordance of the KER (Arakane et al. 2005, Li et al. 2017, <span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chen et al., 2008; Mohammed et al., 2017; Shang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2012, 2019; Yang et al., 2013; Ye et al., 2019; Zhai et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2010</span>). Given the support for temporal concordance and the lack of studies showing dose concordance, the empirical evidence for this KER was judged as moderate.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">The absence of studies (quantitatively) assessing premature molting constitutes a major data gap. A further data gap is the absence of studies which assess both, increase in premature molting and the increase in mortality are lacking.</span></p>
ModerateUnspecificHighLarvaeModerateJuvenileModerateAdultModerateModerate<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Taxonomic: </strong>Likely, this KER is applicable to the whole phylum of arthropods as they all depend on molting in order to develop.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Life stage: </strong>This KER is applicable for organisms molting in order to grow and develop, namely larval stages of insects and all life stages of crustaceans and arachnids.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Sex: </strong>This KER is applicable to all sexes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Chemical: </strong>Occurrence of premature molting and an increase in mortality observed after treatment with the pyrimidine nucleosides ( e.g. polyoxin D, polyoxin B and nikkomycin Z) (Gijswijt et al. 1979; Tellam et al. 2000; Tellam and Eisemann 2000; Arakawa et al. 2008; New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority 2015). However, studies causally linking both endpoints are lacking.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Arakawa T, Yukuhiro F, Noda H. 2008. Insecticidal effect of a fungicide containing polyoxin B on the larvae of <em>Bombyx mori</em> (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), <em>Mamestra brassicae</em>, <em>Mythimna separata</em>, and <em>Spodoptera litura</em> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Appl Entomol Zool. 43(2):173–181. doi:10.1303/aez.2008.173.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Camp AA, Funk DH, Buchwalter DB. 2014. A stressful shortness of breath: Molting disrupts breathing in the mayfly <em>Cloeon dipterum</em>. Freshw Sci. 33(3):695–699. doi:10.1086/677899.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Chen, X.; Tian, H.; Zou, L.; Tang, B.; Hu, J.; Zhang, W. Disruption of Spodoptera Exigua Larval Development by Silencing Chitin Synthase Gene A with RNA Interference. Bull. Entomol. Res. 2008, 98 (6), 613–619. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485308005932.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Mohammed, A. M. A.; DIab, M. R.; Abdelsattar, M.; Khalil, S. M. S. Characterization and RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Chitin Synthase A in the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea Operculella. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7 (1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09858-y.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Clarke KU. 1957. On the Increase in Linear Size During Growth in <em>Locusta Migratoria</em> L. Proc R Entomol Soc London Ser A, Gen Entomol. 32(1–3):35–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1957.tb00361.x.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Dall W, Smith DM, Press B. 1978. Water uptake at ecdysis in the western rock lobster. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol. 35(1960). doi:10.1016/0022-0981(78)90074-6.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">deFur PL, Mangum CP, McMahon BR. 1985. Cardiovascular and Ventilatory Changes During Ecdysis in the Blue Crab <em>Callinectes Sapidus</em> Rathbun. J Crustac Biol. 5(2):207–215. doi:10.2307/1547867.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Gijswijt MJ, Deul DH, de Jong BJ. 1979. Inhibition of chitin synthesis by benzoyl-phenylurea insecticides, III. Similarity in action in <em>Pieris brassicae</em> (L.) with Polyoxin D. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 12(1):87–94. doi:10.1016/0048-3575(79)90098-1.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Heming BS. 2018. Insect development and evolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Lee RM. 1961. The variation of blood volume with age in the desert locust (<em>Schistocerca gregaria</em> Forsk.). J Insect Physiol. 6(1):36–51. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(61)90090-7.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Merzendorfer H, Kim HS, Chaudhari SS, Kumari M, Specht CA, Butcher S, Brown SJ, Robert Manak J, Beeman RW, Kramer KJ, et al. 2012. Genomic and proteomic studies on the effects of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron in the model beetle species <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 42(4):264–276. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.12.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.12.008.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority. 2015. Application for approval to import ESTEEM for release. https://www.epa.govt.nz/assets/FileAPI/hsno-ar/APP202334/fbce9a39e6/APP202334-APP202334-Staff-Report-Final-updated.pdf.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Shang, F.; Xiong, Y.; Xia, W. K.; Wei, D. D.; Wei, D.; Wang, J. J. Identification, Characterization and Functional Analysis of a Chitin Synthase Gene in the Brown Citrus Aphid, Toxoptera Citricida (Hemiptera, Aphididae). Insect Mol. Biol. 2016, 25 (4), 422–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/imb.12228.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Song Y, Evenseth LM, Iguchi T, Tollefsen KE. 2017b. Release of chitobiase as an indicator of potential molting disruption in juvenile <em>Daphnia magna</em> exposed to the ecdysone receptor agonist 20-hydroxyecdysone. J Toxicol Environ Heal - Part A Curr Issues. 80(16–18):954–962. doi:10.1080/15287394.2017.1352215. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2017.1352215.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Song Y, Villeneuve DL, Toyota K, Iguchi T, Tollefsen KE. 2017a. Ecdysone Receptor Agonism Leading to Lethal Molting Disruption in Arthropods: Review and Adverse Outcome Pathway Development. Environ Sci Technol. 51(8):4142–4157. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00480.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Tellam RL, Eisemann C. 2000. Chitin is only a minor component of the peritrophic matrix from larvae of <em>Lucilia cuprina</em>. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 30(12):1189–1201. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00097-7.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Tellam RL, Vuocolo T, Johnson SE, Jarmey J, Pearson RD. 2000. Insect chitin synthase. cDNA sequence, gene organization and expression. Eur J Biochem. 267(19):6025–6043. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01679.x.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Wang, Z.; Yang, H.; Zhou, C.; Yang, W. J.; Jin, D. C.; Long, G. Y. Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Functional Analysis of the Chitin Synthase 1 Gene and Its Two Alternative Splicing Variants in the White-Backed Planthopper, Sogatella Furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Sci. Rep. 2019, 9 (1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37488-5.</span></p>
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2018-05-24T16:00:022021-02-17T08:47:01Chitobiase inhibition leading to mortalityChitobiase inhibition leading to mortality<p>Simon Schmid <sup>1,2</sup>, You Song <sup>1</sup>, and Knut Erik Tollefsen <sup>1,2,3</sup></p>
<p><sup>1</sup> Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Økernveien 94, N-0579, Oslo, Norway</p>
<p><sup>2</sup> Faculty of Environmental Science and Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), N-1432, Ås, Norway</p>
<p><sup>3</sup> Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), N-1432 Ås, Norway</p>
<p>Contact: Simon.Schmid@niva.no</p>
<p><u>Acknowledgements:</u> This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 859891 and was supported by NIVA’s Computational Toxicology Program, NCTP (<a href="https://www.niva.no/en/projectweb/nctp">www.niva.no/nctp</a>).</p>
Under development: Not open for comment. Do not citeUnder DevelopmentIncluded in OECD Work Plan1.94<p><span style="font-size:14px">The Adverse Outcome is highly significant from a regulatory point of view. It is employed as regulatory endpoint in most studies assessing the toxicity of stressors.</span></p>
adjacentLowModerateadjacentLowModerateadjacentLowModerate2020-10-21T02:07:062023-04-29T16:03:03