59456-70-1WWJFFVUVFNBJTN-UIBIZFFUSA-NWWJFFVUVFNBJTN-UIBIZFFUSA-N
Nikkomycinsβ-D-Allofuranuronic acid, 5-[[(2S,3S,4S)-2-amino-4-hydroxy-4-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]amino]-1,5-dideoxy-1-(3,4-dihydro-2,4-dioxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)-
DTXSID5058436CHEBI:17029chitinGO:0006031chitin biosynthetic processD009026mortality1increasedPolyoxin D2020-10-23T06:20:122020-10-23T06:20:12Nikkomycins2018-05-24T15:54:092018-05-24T15:54:097375Lucilia cuprinaWCS_35525Daphnia magnaDecrease, TyrosineDecrease, TyrosineMolecular2022-08-28T20:50:272022-08-28T20:50:27Decrease, dopa decarboxylaseDecrease, dopa decarboxylaseCellular2022-08-28T20:51:162022-08-28T20:51:16Increase, Defects in tanning of new cuticleIncrease, Defects in tanning of new cuticleIndividual2022-08-28T20:52:302022-08-28T20:52:30Increase, impairment of cuticle sclerotizationIncrease, impairment of cuticle sclerotizationIndividual2022-08-28T20:53:262022-08-28T20:53:26Increase, pigmentationIncrease, pigmentationIndividual2022-08-28T20:56:522022-08-28T20:56:52Increase, Incomplete ecdysisIncrease, Incomplete ecdysisIndividual2016-11-29T18:41:282018-05-24T16:41:34Increase, delay in ovipositionIncrease, delay in ovipositionIndividual2022-08-28T20:58:312022-08-28T20:58:31Increase, MortalityIncrease, MortalityIndividual<p><span style="font-size:14px">This key event is observed at the biological level of the individual and describes the increase of mortality of individuals upon exposure to a stressor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">The AO can be detected by observation, for example by immobilization of the respective organisms. There exist guidelines for the characterization of this AO in arthropods. For example, the OECD 202 Daphnia sp. Acute immobilization test </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:
yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1787/9789264069947-en","ISBN":"9789264069947","PMID":"128","abstract":"This
Test Guideline describes an acute toxicity test to assess effects of chemicals
towards daphnids (usually Daphnia magna Staus). Young daphnids, aged less than
24 hours at the start of the test, are exposed to the test substance at a range
of concentrations (at least five concentrations) for a period of 48 hours.
Immobilisation is recorded at 24 hours and 48 hours and compared with control
values. The results are analysed in order to calculate the EC50 at 48h. Determination
of the EC50 at 24h is optional. At least 20 animals, preferably divided into
four groups of five animals each, should be used at each test concentration and
for the controls. At least 2 ml of test solution should be provided for each
animal (i.e. a volume of 10 ml for five daphnids per test vessel). The limit
test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. The study report should include
the observation for immobilized daphnids at 24 and 48 hours after the beginning
of the test and the measures of dissolved oxygen, pH, concentration of the test
substance, at the beginning and end of the
test.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"OECD","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"collection-title":"OECD
Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section
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Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals, Section
2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004","11","23"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-12","publisher":"OECD","title":"Test
No. 202: <i>Daphnia sp.</i> Acute Immobilisation
Test","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=53ebeac3-a1c9-3977-9697-df1efabeb4d3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(OECD
2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(OECD
2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->(OECD 2004)<!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size:14px"> which can also be modified depending on the effect one expects.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Taxonomic: </strong>This AO is applicable to all living organisms.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Life stage: </strong>This AO is applicable to all life stages.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Sex: </strong>This AO is applicable to all sexes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Chemical:</strong> Substances known to increase mortality in arthropods are of the family of pyrimidine nucleosides (e.g. polyoxin D and nikkomycin Z) (Gijswijt et al. 1979; Tellam et al. 2000; Arakawa et al. 2008).</span></p>
HighUnspecificHighAll life stagesHighHigh<p><span style="font-size:14px">Arakawa T, Yukuhiro F, Noda H. 2008. Insecticidal effect of a fungicide containing polyoxin B on the larvae of <em>Bombyx mori</em> (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), <em>Mamestra brassicae</em>, <em>Mythimna separata</em>, and <em>Spodoptera litura</em> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Appl Entomol Zool. 43(2):173–181. doi:10.1303/aez.2008.173.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Gijswijt MJ, Deul DH, de Jong BJ. 1979. Inhibition of chitin synthesis by benzoyl-phenylurea insecticides, III. Similarity in action in <em>Pieris brassicae</em> (L.) with Polyoxin D. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 12(1):87–94. doi:10.1016/0048-3575(79)90098-1.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">OECD. 2004. Test No. 202: <em>Daphnia sp.</em> Acute Immobilisation Test. OECD OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2. [accessed 2020 Mar 3]. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-202-daphnia-sp-acute-immobilisation-test_9789264069947-en.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">Tellam RL, Vuocolo T, Johnson SE, Jarmey J, Pearson RD. 2000. Insect chitin synthase. cDNA sequence, gene organization and expression. Eur J Biochem. 267(19):6025–6043. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01679.x.</span></p>
2016-11-29T18:41:242020-10-26T05:18:16Decrease, hatching of eggDecrease, hatching of eggIndividual2022-08-28T20:59:352022-08-28T20:59:35591d19ec-f4b5-4110-a09c-8aca5521745fc48e63b2-e146-4b90-b9a5-d94167125ace2022-08-28T21:00:222022-08-28T21:00:22c48e63b2-e146-4b90-b9a5-d94167125acedd63e92a-8b51-4abc-8b58-78da0e1bd4a42022-08-28T21:00:362022-08-28T21:00:36dd63e92a-8b51-4abc-8b58-78da0e1bd4a496d86f21-3b52-453b-8314-d18ffa5d6c722022-08-28T21:00:532022-08-28T21:00:53dd63e92a-8b51-4abc-8b58-78da0e1bd4a4ae1d3dc4-9db9-41c9-8780-ec2896c229332022-08-28T21:01:572022-08-28T21:01:5796d86f21-3b52-453b-8314-d18ffa5d6c72b0216f9a-43c9-474c-be7e-b42ab347b9e02022-08-28T21:02:302022-08-28T21:02:30ae1d3dc4-9db9-41c9-8780-ec2896c22933b0216f9a-43c9-474c-be7e-b42ab347b9e02022-08-28T21:02:422022-08-28T21:02:42b0216f9a-43c9-474c-be7e-b42ab347b9e01f4e7e53-6d68-4e82-bc90-7b876ed152b62022-08-28T21:03:042022-08-28T21:03:04b0216f9a-43c9-474c-be7e-b42ab347b9e0893caff9-7bb6-49d0-b167-9fc2dd373cf52016-11-29T18:41:362016-12-03T16:38:02b0216f9a-43c9-474c-be7e-b42ab347b9e073d4a40d-ed41-4ca3-8d06-00e92a63b60d2022-08-28T21:03:332022-08-28T21:03:33Doda decarboxylase leading to mortalityDoda decarboxylase leading to mortality<p>Donggon Yoo<sup>1,2</sup> , Ihn-Sil Kwak<sup>3,4</sup>, Woo-Keun Kim<sup>1,2</sup>*</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>1. Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea</p>
<p>2. Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Korea</p>
<p>3. Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Korea</p>
<p>4. Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Korea</p>
Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">We propose this AOP associated with the molting process based on the literatures. Cuticle tanning occurs in insects immediately after hatching or molting. During this process, the cuticle becomes pigmented and sclerotized due to melanin deposition and protein crosslinking. In insects, different from mammals, melanin is synthesized mainly from dopamine, which is produced from 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase (Ddc). Silencing of Ddc has been shown to cause incomplete and premature molting or failed pupation. This process affects pigmentation and cuticle sclerosis, resulting in an incomplete moulting process. The incomplete moulting process increases the mortality rate of immature individuals and causes problems in the reproductive process.</span></span></span></p>
adjacentModerateModerateadjacentModerateModerateadjacentModerateModerateadjacentModerateModerateadjacentModerateModerateadjacentModerateModerateadjacentModerateModerateadjacentModerateModerateadjacentModerateModerate2022-08-28T20:47:042023-05-25T03:26:45