API
With OECD status With SAAOP status Recent AOPs

AOPs

Id Title Point of Contact Author Status SAAOP Status MIE AO OECD Status OECD Project
3 Inhibition of the mitochondrial complex I of nigro-striatal neurons leads to parkinsonian motor deficits Andrea Terron Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 888: Binding of inhibitor, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) 896: Parkinsonian motor deficits WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.33
6 Antagonist binding to PPARα leading to body-weight loss Kurt A. Gust Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 998: Binding of antagonist, PPAR alpha 864: Decreased, Body Weight WPHA/WNT Endorsed 2.3
10 Binding to the picrotoxin site of ionotropic GABA receptors leading to epileptic seizures in adult brain Ping Gong Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 667: Binding at picrotoxin site, iGABAR chloride channel 613: Occurrence, Epileptic seizure WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.15
12 Chronic binding of antagonist to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) during brain development leads to neurodegeneration with impairment in learning and memory in aging Florianne Tschudi-Monnet Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 201: Binding of antagonist, NMDA receptors 352: N/A, Neurodegeneration and 341: Impairment, Learning and memory WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.13
13 Chronic binding of antagonist to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) during brain development induces impairment of learning and memory abilities Anna Price Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 201: Binding of antagonist, NMDA receptors 341: Impairment, Learning and memory WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.22
15 Alkylation of DNA in male pre-meiotic germ cells leading to heritable mutations Carole Yauk Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 97: Alkylation, DNA 336: Increase, Heritable mutations in offspring WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.11
21 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation leading to early life stage mortality, via increased COX-2 Markus Hecker Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 18: Activation, AhR WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.27
23 Androgen receptor agonism leading to reproductive dysfunction (in repeat-spawning fish) Dan Villeneuve Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 25: Agonism, Androgen receptor 360: Decrease, Population trajectory WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.12
25 Aromatase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction Dan Villeneuve Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 36: Inhibition, Aromatase 360: Decrease, Population trajectory WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.12
38 Protein Alkylation leading to Liver Fibrosis Brigitte Landesmann Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 244: Alkylation, Protein 344: N/A, Liver fibrosis WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.14
40 Covalent Protein binding leading to Skin Sensitisation Sharon Munn Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 396: Covalent Binding, Protein 827: sensitisation, skin WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.1
42 Inhibition of Thyroperoxidase and Subsequent Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Mammals Kevin Crofton Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 279: Thyroperoxidase, Inhibition 402: Cognitive Function, Decreased WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.10
48 Binding of agonists to ionotropic glutamate receptors in adult brain causes excitotoxicity that mediates neuronal cell death, contributing to learning and memory impairment. Anna Price Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 875: Binding of agonist, Ionotropic glutamate receptors 341: Impairment, Learning and memory WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.23
54 Inhibition of Na+/I- symporter (NIS) leads to learning and memory impairment Anna Price Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 424: Inhibition, Na+/I- symporter (NIS) 341: Impairment, Learning and memory WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.28
131 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation leading to uroporphyria Amani Farhat Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 18: Activation, AhR 369: Uroporphyria WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.7
150 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation leading to early life stage mortality, via reduced VEGF Amani Farhat Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 18: Activation, AhR 947: Increase, Early Life Stage Mortality WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.7
7 Aromatase (Cyp19a1) reduction leading to impaired fertility in adult female Elise Grignard Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 408: reduction in ovarian granulosa cells, Aromatase (Cyp19a1) 406: impaired, Fertility and 405: irregularities, ovarian cycle EAGMST Under Review 1.21
17 Binding of electrophilic chemicals to SH(thiol)-group of proteins and /or to seleno-proteins involved in protection against oxidative stress during brain development leads to impairment of learning and memory Marie-Gabrielle Zurich Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1487: Binding, Thiol/seleno-proteins involved in protection against oxidative stress 341: Impairment, Learning and memory EAGMST Under Review 1.13
18 PPARα activation in utero leading to impaired fertility in males Elise Grignard Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 227: Activation, PPARα 406: impaired, Fertility and 348: Malformation, Male reproductive tract EAGMST Under Review 1.21
30 Estrogen receptor antagonism leading to reproductive dysfunction Dan Villeneuve Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 112: Antagonism, Estrogen receptor 360: Decrease, Population trajectory EAGMST Under Review 1.12
41 Sustained AhR Activation leading to Rodent Liver Tumours Rick Becker Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 165: Activation, Long term AHR receptor driven direct and indirect gene expression changes 856: Formation, Hepatocellular and Bile duct tumors EAGMST Under Review 1.7
43 Disruption of VEGFR Signaling Leading to Developmental Defects Tom Knudsen Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 305: Inhibition, VegfR2 1001: Increased, Developmental Defects EAGMST Under Review 1.6
46 AFB1: Mutagenic Mode-of-Action leading to Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Ted Simon Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 373: Formation, Pro-mutagenic DNA Adducts 378: Tumorigenesis, Hepatocellular carcinoma EAGMST Under Review 1.8
106 Chemical binding to tubulin in oocytes leading to aneuploid offspring Francesco Marchetti Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 718: Binding, Tubulin 728: Increase, Aneuploid offspring EAGMST Under Review 1.11
107 Constitutive androstane receptor activation leading to hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in the mouse and the rat Kristin Lichti-Kaiser Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 715: Activation, Constitutive androstane receptor 719: Increase, hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas EAGMST Under Review 1.17
136 Intracellular Acidification Induced Olfactory Epithelial Injury Leading to Site of Contact Nasal Tumors Justin Teeguarden Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 867: Decrease, Intracellular pH 872: Increase, Site of Contact Nasal Tumors EAGMST Under Review 2.7
144 Endocytic lysosomal uptake leading to liver fibrosis Marina Kuburic Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1539: Endocytotic lysosomal uptake 344: N/A, Liver fibrosis EAGMST Under Review 1.47
154 Inhibition of Calcineurin Activity Leading to Impaired T-Cell Dependent Antibody Response Takumi Ohishi Open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 980: Inhibition, Calcineurin Activity 984: Impairment, T-cell dependent antibody response EAGMST Under Review 1.38
155 Deiodinase 2 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced posterior swim bladder inflation Dries Knapen Open for adoption Included in OECD Work Plan 1002: Inhibition, Deiodinase 2 351: Increased Mortality and 360: Decrease, Population trajectory EAGMST Under Review 1.35
156 Deiodinase 2 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflation Dries Knapen Open for adoption Included in OECD Work Plan 1002: Inhibition, Deiodinase 2 351: Increased Mortality and 360: Decrease, Population trajectory EAGMST Under Review 1.35
157 Deiodinase 1 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced posterior swim bladder inflation Dries Knapen Open for adoption Included in OECD Work Plan 1009: Inhibition, Deiodinase 1 351: Increased Mortality and 360: Decrease, Population trajectory EAGMST Under Review 1.35
158 Deiodinase 1 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflation Dries Knapen Open for adoption Included in OECD Work Plan 1009: Inhibition, Deiodinase 1 351: Increased Mortality and 360: Decrease, Population trajectory EAGMST Under Review 1.35
159 Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflation Dries Knapen Open for adoption Included in OECD Work Plan 279: Thyroperoxidase, Inhibition 351: Increased Mortality and 360: Decrease, Population trajectory EAGMST Under Review 1.35
173 Substance interaction with the lung resident cell membrane components leading to lung fibrosis Sabina Halappanavar Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1495: Interaction with the lung resident cell membrane components 1458: Pulmonary fibrosis EAGMST Under Review 1.32
202 Inhibitor binding to topoisomerase II leading to infant leukaemia Andrea Terron Open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1252: Binding to (interferes with) topoisomerase II enzyme 1254: Infant leukaemia EAGMST Under Review 1.53
212 Histone deacetylase inhibition leading to testicular atrophy Shihori Tanabe Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 1502: Histone deacetylase inhibition 1506: Testicular atrophy EAGMST Under Review 1.52
220 Cyp2E1 Activation Leading to Liver Cancer Francina Webster Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 1391: Activation of Cyp2E1 1395: Liver Cancer EAGMST Under Review 1.24
263 Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via decreased cell proliferation You Song Open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1446: Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation 1521: Decrease, Growth EAGMST Under Review 1.92
272 Deposition of energy leading to lung cancer Vinita Chauhan Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1686: Direct Deposition of Energy 1556: Increase, lung cancer EAGMST Under Review 1.56
277 Impaired IL-1R1 signaling leading to increased susceptibility to infection Yutaka Kimura Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 1700: Impaired IL-1R1 signaling 986: Increase, Increased susceptibility to infection EAGMST Under Review 1.48
282 Reactive oxygen species generated from photoreactive chemicals leading to phototoxic reactions Satomi Onoue Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1592: ROS generation from photoactivated chemicals 1599: Inflamatory events in light-exposed tissues EAGMST Under Review 1.49
296 Oxidative DNA damage leading to chromosomal aberrations and mutations Carole Yauk Open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1634: Increase, Oxidative damage to DNA 185: Increase, Mutations and 1636: Increase, Chromosomal aberrations EAGMST Under Review 1.76
298 Chronic reactive oxygen species leading to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer Shihori Tanabe Open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1753: Chronic reactive oxygen species 1651: Treatment-resistant gastric cancer EAGMST Under Review 1.58
360 Chitin synthase 1 inhibition leading to mortality Simon Schmid Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 1522: Inhibition, Chitin synthase 1 350: Increase, Mortality EAGMST Under Review 1.94
8 Upregulation of Thyroid Hormone Catabolism via Activation of Hepatic Nuclear Receptors, and Subsequent Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Mammals Katie Paul Friedman Not under active development Included in OECD Work Plan 239: Activation, Pregnane-X receptor, NR1l2 319: Loss, Cochlear function Under Development 1.9
11 Percellome Toxicogenomics Approach for AOP Building: Case study on Pentachlorophenol Jun Kanno Not under active development Included in OECD Work Plan 245: Activation, PXR/SXR Under Development 2.5
16 Acetylcholinesterase inhibition leading to acute mortality Dan Villeneuve Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome Included in OECD Work Plan 12: Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition 351: Increased Mortality and 360: Decrease, Population trajectory Under Development 1.3
27 Cholestatic Liver Injury induced by Inhibition of the Bile Salt Export Pump (ABCB11) Mathieu Vinken Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 41: Inhibition, Bile Salt Export Pump (ABCB11) 357: Cholestasis, Pathology Under Development 1.19
31 Oxidation of iron in hemoglobin leading to hematotoxicity Mitchell S. Wilbanks Open for adoption Included in OECD Work Plan 213: N/A, Parent compound is converted to the reactive metabolite and forms free radicals leading to oxidation of heme iron(II) in hemoglobin to iron(III) 321: N/A, Cyanosis occurs Under Development 1.16
35 Narcosis leading to respiratory failure Dries Knapen Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 46: Accumulation, Biological membranes Under Development 1.2
37 PPARα activation leading to hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in rodents Chris Corton Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 227: Activation, PPARα 719: Increase, hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas Under Development 1.17
39 Covalent Binding of Low Molecular Weight Organic Chemicals to Proteins leads to Sensitisation (Sensitization) of the Respiratory Tract Kristie Sullivan Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome Included in OECD Work Plan 396: Covalent Binding, Protein 313: Increase, Allergic Respiratory Hypersensitivity Response Under Development 1.20
51 PPARα activation leading to impaired fertility in adult male rodents Elise Grignard Not under active development Included in OECD Work Plan 227: Activation, PPARα 406: impaired, Fertility Under Development 1.21
117 Androgen receptor activation leading to hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas (in mouse and rat) Charles Wood Open for adoption Included in OECD Work Plan 785: Activation, Androgen receptor 719: Increase, hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas Under Development 1.26
128 Kidney dysfunction by decreased thyroid hormone Jung-Hwa Oh Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 277: Thyroid hormone synthesis, Decreased 814: Occurrence, Kidney toxicity Under Development 1.40
130 Phospholipase A inhibitors lead to hepatotoxicity Jung-Hwa Oh Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome Included in OECD Work Plan 828: Inhibition, Phospholipase A 840: Formation, Liver fibrosis Under Development 1.39
148 EGFR Activation Leading to Decreased Lung Function Karsta Luettich Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 941: Activation, EGFR 1250: Decrease, Lung function Under Development 1.51
149 Peptide Oxidation Leading to Hypertension Frazer Lowe Not under active development Included in OECD Work Plan 209: Peptide Oxidation 952: Hypertension Under Development 1.50
151 AhR activation leading to preeclampsia Sabrina Tait Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 18: Activation, AhR 1893: increase, Preeclampsia Under Development 1.42
152 Interference with thyroid serum binding protein transthyretin and subsequent adverse human neurodevelopmental toxicity Kristie Sullivan Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome Included in OECD Work Plan 957: Binding, Transthyretin in serum 402: Cognitive Function, Decreased Under Development 1.41
187 Anticoagulant rodenticide inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting coagulopathy and hemorrhage Barnett Rattner Not under active development Included in OECD Work Plan 1134: Irreversible inhibition of hepatic VKOR by binding of AR at tyrosine 139, Failure to cycle vitamin K epoxide to vitamin K to form vitamin K hydroquinone and 1138: Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, Reduced ability to generate ATP and 1169: 1136: Impaired recruitment , Population trajectory Under Development 1.31
206 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ inactivation leading to lung fibrosis Jinhee Choi Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1270: Inactivation of PPARγ 1276: Lung fibrosis Under Development 1.54
237 Secretion of inflammatory cytokines after cellular sensing of the stressor leading to plaque progression Sarah Søs Poulsen Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1437: Sensing of the stressor by pulmonary cells 1443: Plaque progression in arteries Under Development 1.55
256 Inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma leading to kidney toxicity Angela Mally Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1481: Inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (Pol gamma) 814: Occurrence, Kidney toxicity Under Development 1.43
257 Receptor mediated endocytosis and lysosomal overload leading to kidney toxicity Angela Mally Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1486: Binding of substrate, endocytic receptor 814: Occurrence, Kidney toxicity Under Development 1.43
258 Renal protein alkylation leading to kidney toxicity Angela Mally Not under active development Included in OECD Work Plan 244: Alkylation, Protein 814: Occurrence, Kidney toxicity Under Development 1.43
261 L-type calcium channel blockade leading to heart failure via decrease in cardiac contractility Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1529: Blockade, L-Type Calcium Channels 1535: Heart failure Under Development 1.45
262 L-type calcium channel blockade leading to the disruption of cardiac electrophysiology Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan Under Development 1.45
264 Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via increased cell death You Song Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 1446: Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation 1521: Decrease, Growth Under Development 1.92
265 Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via decreased lipid storage You Song Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1446: Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation 1521: Decrease, Growth Under Development 1.92
266 Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via oxidative DNA damage You Song Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1446: Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation 1521: Decrease, Growth Under Development 1.92
267 Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via increased lipid peroxidation You Song Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1446: Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation 1521: Decrease, Growth Under Development 1.92
268 Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via increased protein oxidation You Song Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1446: Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation 1521: Decrease, Growth Under Development 1.92
271 Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase leading to impaired fertility in fish June-Woo Park Open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 279: Thyroperoxidase, Inhibition 78: Reduction, Cumulative fecundity and spawning Under Development 1.59
283 L-type calcium channel blockade leading to hypotension Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan Under Development 1.45
289 Inhibition of 5α-reductase leading to impaired fecundity in female fish Young Jun Kim Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 1617: 5α-reductase, inhibition 360: Decrease, Population trajectory Under Development 1.81
292 Inhibition of tyrosinase leads to decreased population in fish Young Jun Kim Open for citation & comment Included in OECD Work Plan 1627: Inhibition of tyrosinase 360: Decrease, Population trajectory Under Development 1.78
293 Increased DNA damage leading to increased risk of breast cancer Jessica Helm Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1194: Increase, DNA damage 185: Increase, Mutations and 1192: Increased, Ductal Hyperplasia and 1193: N/A, Breast Cancer Under Development 1.80
294 Increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) leading to increased risk of breast cancer Jessica Helm Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1632: Increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) 1194: Increase, DNA damage and 185: Increase, Mutations and 1192: Increased, Ductal Hyperplasia and 1193: N/A, Breast Cancer Under Development 1.80
295 Early-life stromal estrogen receptor activation by endocrine disrupting chemicals in the mammary gland leading to enhanced cancer risk Andrea Hindman Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan Under Development 1.79
297 Inhibition of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase leads to population decline Young Jun Kim Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome Included in OECD Work Plan 1637: Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition 360: Decrease, Population trajectory Under Development 1.77
300 Thyroid Receptor Antagonism and Subsequent Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Mammals Kevin Crofton Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1656: Antagonism, Thyroid Receptor 402: Cognitive Function, Decreased Under Development 1.84
302 Lung surfactant function inhibition leading to decreased lung function Jorid Birkelund Sørli Open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1672: Inhibition of lung surfactant function 1250: Decrease, Lung function Under Development 1.87
303 Frustrated phagocytosis-induced lung cancer Carole Seidel Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1668: Frustrated phagoytosis 1670: Lung cancer Under Development 1.86
305 5α-reductase inhibition leading to short anogenital distance (AGD) in male (mammalian) offspring Terje Svingen Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1617: 5α-reductase, inhibition 1688: decrease, male anogenital distance Under Development 1.90
306 Androgen receptor (AR) antagonism leading to short anogenital distance (AGD) in male (mammalian) offspring Terje Svingen Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 26: Antagonism, Androgen receptor 1688: decrease, male anogenital distance Under Development 1.90
307 Decreased testosterone synthesis leading to short anogenital distance (AGD) in male (mammalian) offspring Terje Svingen Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1688: decrease, male anogenital distance Under Development 1.90
313 Stimulation of TLR7/8 in dendric cells leading to Psoriatic skin disease Hiroyuki Komatsu Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1706: Stimulation, TLR7/8 1709: Psoriatic skin disease Under Development 1.75
314 Binding to estrogen receptor (ER)-α in immune cells leading to exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Yasuharu Otsubo Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1710: Binding to estrogen receptor (ER)-α in immune cells 1714: Exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Under Development 1.73
315 Inhibition of JAK3 leading to impairment of T-Cell Dependent Antibody Response Yasuhiro Yoshida Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1715: Inhibition of JAK3 1719: Impairment of T-cell dependent antibody response Under Development 1.74
316 Trypsin inhibition leading to pancreatic acinar cell tumors Shigeru Hisada Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Included in OECD Work Plan 1720: Trypsin inhibition 1725: Pancreatic acinar cell tumors Under Development 1.60