This Key Event Relationship is licensed under the Creative Commons BY-SA license. This license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms.

Relationship: 2025

Title

A descriptive phrase which clearly defines the two KEs being considered and the sequential relationship between them (i.e., which is upstream, and which is downstream). More help

STAT5 inhibition leads to Suppression of STAT5 binding to cytokine gene promoters

Upstream event

The causing Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help

STAT5 inhibition

Downstream event

The responding Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help

Suppression of STAT5 binding to cytokine gene promoters

Key Event Relationship Overview

The utility of AOPs for regulatory application is defined, to a large extent, by the confidence and precision with which they facilitate extrapolation of data measured at low levels of biological organisation to predicted outcomes at higher levels of organisation and the extent to which they can link biological effect measurements to their specific causes.Within the AOP framework, the predictive relationships that facilitate extrapolation are represented by the KERs. Consequently, the overall WoE for an AOP is a reflection in part, of the level of confidence in the underlying series of KERs it encompasses. Therefore, describing the KERs in an AOP involves assembling and organising the types of information and evidence that defines the scientific basis for inferring the probable change in, or state of, a downstream KE from the known or measured state of an upstream KE. More help

AOPs Referencing Relationship

AOP Name	Adjacency	Weight of Evidence	Quantitative Understanding	Point of Contact	Author Status	OECD Status
Inhibition of JAK3 leading to impairment of T-Cell Dependent Antibody Response	adjacent	High	High	Yasuhiro Yoshida (send email)	Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite	Under Development

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KER.In general, this will be dictated by the more restrictive of the two KEs being linked together by the KER. More help

Term	Scientific Term	Evidence	Link
Homo sapiens	Homo sapiens	High	NCBI
Mus musculus	Mus musculus	High	NCBI

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KER. More help

Sex	Evidence
Mixed	High

Life Stage Applicability

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KER. More help

Term	Evidence
All life stages	High

Key Event Relationship Description

Provides a concise overview of the information given below as well as addressing details that aren’t inherent in the description of the KEs themselves. More help

STAT proteins bind with their SH2 domains (which are located between amino acids 600 and 700) to phosphorylated tyrosine residues of transmembrane receptors (Heim, et al. 1995, Stahl, et al. 1995). Once STATs are bound to the receptors, the receptor-associated Jak kinases phosphorylate them on a single tyrosine residue located carboxy terminal of the SH2 domain. Changing this tyrosine to phenylalanine results in STATs that are no longer functional (Shuai, et al. 1993). Two STATs dimerize through specific reciprocal SH2–phosphotyrosine interaction and translocate to the nucleus. After translocation into the nucleus, STATs bind DNA response elements in promoters of target genes. The putative DNA-binding domain lies between amino acids 400 and 500. After DNA binding STATs interact directly or indirectly with the RNA polymerase II complex. The DNA sequence elements in the promoters of genes that bind STAT proteins can be classified in two groups. The prototype of the first class is the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE).

The second class comprises the GAS-like response elements. STAT5 homodimers have been shown to bind to at least one of the GAS-like elements (Heim 1996).

Evidence Collection Strategy

Include a description of the approach for identification and assembly of the evidence base for the KER. For evidence identification, include, for example, a description of the sources and dates of information consulted including expert knowledge, databases searched and associated search terms/strings. Include also a description of study screening criteria and methodology, study quality assessment considerations, the data extraction strategy and links to any repositories/databases of relevant references.Tabular summaries and links to relevant supporting documentation are encouraged, wherever possible. More help

Evidence Supporting this KER

Addresses the scientific evidence supporting KERs in an AOP setting the stage for overall assessment of the AOP. More help

The observation that STAT5a/STAT5b/double KO mice are defective in IL-2-induced IL-2Rα expression, suggested that STAT5 is essential for this expression (Kim, et al. 2001, Moriggl, et al. 1999).

In another study, CD25 associated with the intermediate affinity IL-2Rβγ subunits to form the high-affinity heterotrimeric IL-2Rαβγ. In response to ligation with IL-2, signaling of the complex through the IL-2Rβγ chains resulted in the phosphorylation of STAT5 (Waldmann 2006).

STAT5a/b mutant peripheral T cells in mice are profoundly deficient in proliferation and fail to undergo cell cycle progression or to express genes controlling cell cycle progression. STAT5 proteins are essential mediators of IL-2 signaling in T cells (Willerford, et al. 1995).

IL-2 binding to CD25 triggers the grouping with IL-2Rβ and γ chains, leading to signal transduction through STAT5, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) (Fujii, et al. 1995, Ravichandran and Burakoff 1994, Remillard, et al. 1991). Within all T cell populations, IL-2 signaling appears to be primarily mediated through phosphorylation of STAT5 (Hirakawa, et al. 2016).

Biological Plausibility

Addresses the biological rationale for a connection between KEupstream and KEdownstream. This field can also incorporate additional mechanistic details that help inform the relationship between KEs, this is useful when it is not practical/pragmatic to represent these details as separate KEs due to the difficulty or relative infrequency with which it is likely to be measured. More help

Upon T cell receptor stimulation, IL-2/STAT5 signaling promotes T cell differentiation. This is the first key step in generating effector T cells that can target pathogens (Liao, et al. 2013).

Increasing the concentrations of IL-2 to superphysiological levels (1000 units/mL), which would eliminate the required upregulation of the IL-2 receptor α chain, also failed to induce a proliferative response in cells from Stat5a/b mutant mice (Willerford, et al. 1995).

Splenic lymphocytes from STAT5a/b, but not STAT5a or STAT5b, mutant mice failed to significantly respond to increasing concentrations of IL-2 in the presence of anti-CD3 (Moriggl, et al. 1999).

Empirical Evidence

Provides specific (citable) evidence that supports the idea of a change in the upstream KE (KEupstream) leading to, or being associated with, a subsequent change in the downstream KE (KEdownstream), assuming the perturbation of KEupstream is sufficient. More help

Reversible protein phosphorylation plays a key role in IL-2 receptor-mediated activation of JAK3 and STAT5 in lymphocytes (Ross, et al. 2010).

In another study, adenosine was shown to act through A2 receptors and associated cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent signaling pathways to activate Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) and cause STAT5 dephosphorylation. The dephosphorylation resulted in reduced IL-2R signaling in T cells (Zhang, et al. 2004).

Uncertainties and Inconsistencies

Addresses inconsistencies or uncertainties in the relationship including the identification of experimental details that may explain apparent deviations from the expected patterns of concordance. More help

Known modulating factors

This table captures specific information on the MF, its properties, how it affects the KER and respective references.1.) What is the modulating factor? Name the factor for which solid evidence exists that it influences this KER. Examples: age, sex, genotype, diet 2.) Details of this modulating factor. Specify which features of this MF are relevant for this KER. Examples: a specific age range or a specific biological age (defined by...); a specific gene mutation or variant, a specific nutrient (deficit or surplus); a sex-specific homone; a certain threshold value (e.g. serum levels of a chemical above...) 3.) Description of how this modulating factor affects this KER. Describe the provable modification of the KER (also quantitatively, if known). Examples: increase or decrease of the magnitude of effect (by a factor of...); change of the time-course of the effect (onset delay by...); alteration of the probability of the effect; increase or decrease of the sensitivity of the downstream effect (by a factor of...) 4.) Provision of supporting scientific evidence for an effect of this MF on this KER. Give a list of references. More help

As a property of STAT, it is known that DNA binding ability is acquired by forming a dimer, and it is considered that a modifying factor does not intervene in that respect.

Quantitative Understanding of the Linkage

Captures information that helps to define how much change in the upstream KE, and/or for how long, is needed to elicit a detectable and defined change in the downstream KE. More help

CD2 signaling of human PBMCs results in activation of the -3.6-kb IFN-γ promoter. In contrast, mutation of the -3.6-kb STAT5 site attenuates promoter activity. Functional activation is accompanied by STAT5A, but scant STAT5B nucleoprotein binds to the STAT5 binding site on the IFN-γ promoter, as determined by competition and supershift assays. Western and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses revealed increased phospho-STAT5 following CD2 signaling (Gonsky, et al. 2004).

Response-response Relationship

Provides sources of data that define the response-response relationships between the KEs. More help

Inhibition of phosphatase activity by calyculin A treatment of YT cells resulted in a significant induction of serine phosphorylation of JAK3 and STAT5, and serine/threonine phosphorylation of IL-2Rβ. Moreover, inhibition of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) diminished IL-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IL-2Rβ, JAK3, and STAT5, and abolished STAT5 DNA binding activity (Ross, et al. 2010).

Time-scale

Information regarding the approximate time-scale of the changes in KEdownstream relative to changes in KEupstream (i.e., do effects on KEdownstream lag those on KEupstream by seconds, minutes, hours, or days?). More help

Known Feedforward/Feedback loops influencing this KER

Define whether there are known positive or negative feedback mechanisms involved and what is understood about their time-course and homeostatic limits. More help

IL-2 acts on the same cell that secretes the cytokine. For instance, IL-2 produced by T cells operates on the same T cells that produce this cytokine, or on neighboring cells. With the highest levels in secondary lymphoid organs, IL-2 is believed to act in an autocrine or paracrine manner to support effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation (Kalia and Sarkar 2018).

Domain of Applicability

A free-text section of the KER description that the developers can use to explain their rationale for the taxonomic, life stage, or sex applicability structured terms. More help

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KER description. More help

Fujii H, Nakagawa Y, Schindler U, Kawahara A, Mori H, Gouilleux F, Groner B, Ihle JN, Minami Y, Miyazaki T, et al. 1995. Activation of Stat5 by interleukin 2 requires a carboxyl-terminal region of the interleukin 2 receptor beta chain but is not essential for the proliferative signal transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:5482-5486. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5482.

Gonsky R, Deem RL, Bream J, Young HA, Targan SR. 2004. Enhancer role of STAT5 in CD2 activation of IFN-gamma gene expression. J Immunol 173:6241-6247. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6241.

Heim MH. 1996. The Jak-STAT pathway: specific signal transduction from the cell membrane to the nucleus. Eur J Clin Invest 26:1-12. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1996.103248.x.

Heim MH, Kerr IM, Stark GR, Darnell JE, Jr. 1995. Contribution of STAT SH2 groups to specific interferon signaling by the Jak-STAT pathway. Science 267:1347-1349. DOI: 10.1126/science.7871432.

Hirakawa M, Matos TR, Liu H, Koreth J, Kim HT, Paul NE, Murase K, Whangbo J, Alho AC, Nikiforow S, Cutler C, Ho VT, Armand P, Alyea EP, Antin JH, Blazar BR, Lacerda JF, Soiffer RJ, Ritz J. 2016. Low-dose IL-2 selectively activates subsets of CD4(+) Tregs and NK cells. JCI Insight 1:e89278. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89278.

Kalia V, Sarkar S. 2018. Regulation of Effector and Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation by IL-2-A Balancing Act. Front Immunol 9:2987. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02987.

Kim HP, Kelly J, Leonard WJ. 2001. The basis for IL-2-induced IL-2 receptor alpha chain gene regulation: importance of two widely separated IL-2 response elements. Immunity 15:159-172.

Liao W, Lin JX, Leonard WJ. 2013. Interleukin-2 at the crossroads of effector responses, tolerance, and immunotherapy. Immunity 38:13-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.01.004.

Moriggl R, Topham DJ, Teglund S, Sexl V, McKay C, Wang D, Hoffmeyer A, van Deursen J, Sangster MY, Bunting KD, Grosveld GC, Ihle JN. 1999. Stat5 is required for IL-2-induced cell cycle progression of peripheral T cells. Immunity 10:249-259.

Ravichandran KS, Burakoff SJ. 1994. The adapter protein Shc interacts with the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor upon IL-2 stimulation. J Biol Chem 269:1599-1602.

Remillard B, Petrillo R, Maslinski W, Tsudo M, Strom TB, Cantley L, Varticovski L. 1991. Interleukin-2 receptor regulates activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem 266:14167-14170.

Ross JA, Cheng H, Nagy ZS, Frost JA, Kirken RA. 2010. Protein phosphatase 2A regulates interleukin-2 receptor complex formation and JAK3/STAT5 activation. J Biol Chem 285:3582-3591. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M109.053843.

Shuai K, Stark GR, Kerr IM, Darnell JE, Jr. 1993. A single phosphotyrosine residue of Stat91 required for gene activation by interferon-gamma. Science 261:1744-1746. DOI: 10.1126/science.7690989.

Stahl N, Farruggella TJ, Boulton TG, Zhong Z, Darnell JE, Jr., Yancopoulos GD. 1995. Choice of STATs and other substrates specified by modular tyrosine-based motifs in cytokine receptors. Science 267:1349-1353. DOI: 10.1126/science.7871433.

Waldmann TA. 2006. The biology of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: implications for cancer therapy and vaccine design. Nat Rev Immunol 6:595-601. DOI: 10.1038/nri1901.

Willerford DM, Chen J, Ferry JA, Davidson L, Ma A, Alt FW. 1995. Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain regulates the size and content of the peripheral lymphoid compartment. Immunity 3:521-530.

Zhang H, Conrad DM, Butler JJ, Zhao C, Blay J, Hoskin DW. 2004. Adenosine acts through A2 receptors to inhibit IL-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 in T lymphocytes: role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and phosphatases. J Immunol 173:932-944. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.932.