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Relationship: 210

Title

A descriptive phrase which clearly defines the two KEs being considered and the sequential relationship between them (i.e., which is upstream, and which is downstream). More help

Neuronal dysfunction leads to Neuroinflammation

Upstream event

The causing Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help

Neuronal dysfunction

Downstream event

The responding Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help

Neuroinflammation

Key Event Relationship Overview

The utility of AOPs for regulatory application is defined, to a large extent, by the confidence and precision with which they facilitate extrapolation of data measured at low levels of biological organisation to predicted outcomes at higher levels of organisation and the extent to which they can link biological effect measurements to their specific causes.Within the AOP framework, the predictive relationships that facilitate extrapolation are represented by the KERs. Consequently, the overall WoE for an AOP is a reflection in part, of the level of confidence in the underlying series of KERs it encompasses. Therefore, describing the KERs in an AOP involves assembling and organising the types of information and evidence that defines the scientific basis for inferring the probable change in, or state of, a downstream KE from the known or measured state of an upstream KE. More help

AOPs Referencing Relationship

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KER.In general, this will be dictated by the more restrictive of the two KEs being linked together by the KER. More help

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KER. More help

Life Stage Applicability

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KER. More help

Key Event Relationship Description

Provides a concise overview of the information given below as well as addressing details that aren’t inherent in the description of the KEs themselves. More help

Stressed or injured neurons may decrease their synthesis/release of chemokines maintaining microglial cells in a quiescent state (Blank and Prinz, 2013; Chapman et al., 2000; Streit et al., 2001). Consequently microglial cells are becoming reactive, releasing bio-molecules such as cytokines. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 is known as an inductor of astrocyte reactivity (Chiang et al., 1994).

Neuronal death can lead to the release of intracellular content acting on microglial cells on specific receptors such as DAMPS (Damage Associated Molecular Pathways) (Marin-Teva et al., 2011)

Evidence Collection Strategy

Include a description of the approach for identification and assembly of the evidence base for the KER. For evidence identification, include, for example, a description of the sources and dates of information consulted including expert knowledge, databases searched and associated search terms/strings. Include also a description of study screening criteria and methodology, study quality assessment considerations, the data extraction strategy and links to any repositories/databases of relevant references.Tabular summaries and links to relevant supporting documentation are encouraged, wherever possible. More help

Evidence Supporting this KER

Addresses the scientific evidence supporting KERs in an AOP setting the stage for overall assessment of the AOP. More help

Biological Plausibility

Addresses the biological rationale for a connection between KEupstream and KEdownstream. This field can also incorporate additional mechanistic details that help inform the relationship between KEs, this is useful when it is not practical/pragmatic to represent these details as separate KEs due to the difficulty or relative infrequency with which it is likely to be measured. More help

It is well accepted that under normal physiological conditions, microglial cells participate in surveillance of neuronal integrity (Nimmerjahn et al., 2005), and that in case of neuronal stress, injury or death, microglial cells are becoming reactive, what is the initiation of the neuroinflammatory process.

Empirical Evidence

Provides specific (citable) evidence that supports the idea of a change in the upstream KE (KEupstream) leading to, or being associated with, a subsequent change in the downstream KE (KEdownstream), assuming the perturbation of KEupstream is sufficient. More help

Include consideration of temporal concordance here

Neuroinflammation, i.e. microglia and astrocyte reactivities have been observed following

- paraquat exposure (Mangano et al., 2011; Taetzsch and Block, 2013; Cicchetti et al., 2005)

- mercury exposure (Charleston et al., 1994; Davis et al., 1994; Monnet-Tschudi et al., 1996)

- trimethyl tin (TMT) exposure (O'Callaghan, 1988; Monnet-Tschudi et al., 1995; Figiel and Dzwonek, 2007; Little et al., 2012)

- kainate exposure (Finsen et al., 1993)

- lead exposure (Selvin-Testa, 1994; Zurich et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2012)

Uncertainties and Inconsistencies

Addresses inconsistencies or uncertainties in the relationship including the identification of experimental details that may explain apparent deviations from the expected patterns of concordance. More help

Following paraquat exposure, it was observed that neuronal dysfunction was observed together with astrocyte reactivity, evidenced by increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), whereas microglial reactivity was delayed and occurring despite a partial but important neuronal recovery (Sandström et al., 2014). Such observations suggest that the temporal evolution of the inflammatory process is crucial.

It cannot be excluded that toxicant can affect directly glial cells and induce secondarily neuronal injury.

Cell-cell interactions play a key role in the triggering, evolution and consequences of neuroinflammation.

Known modulating factors

This table captures specific information on the MF, its properties, how it affects the KER and respective references.1.) What is the modulating factor? Name the factor for which solid evidence exists that it influences this KER. Examples: age, sex, genotype, diet 2.) Details of this modulating factor. Specify which features of this MF are relevant for this KER. Examples: a specific age range or a specific biological age (defined by...); a specific gene mutation or variant, a specific nutrient (deficit or surplus); a sex-specific homone; a certain threshold value (e.g. serum levels of a chemical above...) 3.) Description of how this modulating factor affects this KER. Describe the provable modification of the KER (also quantitatively, if known). Examples: increase or decrease of the magnitude of effect (by a factor of...); change of the time-course of the effect (onset delay by...); alteration of the probability of the effect; increase or decrease of the sensitivity of the downstream effect (by a factor of...) 4.) Provision of supporting scientific evidence for an effect of this MF on this KER. Give a list of references. More help

Quantitative Understanding of the Linkage

Captures information that helps to define how much change in the upstream KE, and/or for how long, is needed to elicit a detectable and defined change in the downstream KE. More help

Is it known how much change in the first event is needed to impact the second? Are there known modulators of the response-response relationships? Are there models or extrapolation approaches that help describe those relationships?

Although the link between neuronal dysfunction and neuroinflammation is well accepted, few study describe dose-response and temporal relationships. However, two recent papers have addressed these issues:

A dose-response relationship was observed after kainate-induced neuronal death and microglial and astroglial reactivities (Pitter et al., 2014).

Neuronal dysfunction was observed 48h following exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A, whereas microglial reactivity expressing the M1 neurodegenerative phenotype was found after 10-day exposure (von Tobel et al., 2014).

Response-response Relationship

Provides sources of data that define the response-response relationships between the KEs. More help

Time-scale

Information regarding the approximate time-scale of the changes in KEdownstream relative to changes in KEupstream (i.e., do effects on KEdownstream lag those on KEupstream by seconds, minutes, hours, or days?). More help

Known Feedforward/Feedback loops influencing this KER

Define whether there are known positive or negative feedback mechanisms involved and what is understood about their time-course and homeostatic limits. More help

Domain of Applicability

A free-text section of the KER description that the developers can use to explain their rationale for the taxonomic, life stage, or sex applicability structured terms. More help

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KER description. More help

Blank, T. and M. Prinz (2013). "Microglia as modulators of cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders." Glia 61(1): 62-70.

Chapman, G. A., K. Moores, et al. (2000). "Fractalkine Cleavage from Neuronal Membrans Represents an Acute Event in Inflammatory Response to Excitotoxic Brain Damage." J. Neurosc. 20 RC87: 1-5.

Charleston JS, Bolender RP, Mottet NK, Body RL, Vahter ME, Burbacher TM (1994) Increases in the number of reactive glia in the visual cortex of Macaca fascicularis following subclinical long-term methyl mercury exposure. ToxicolApplPharmacol 129: 196-206

Chiang, C.-S., A. Stalder, et al. (1994). "Reactive gliosis as a consequence of interleukin-6 expression in the brain: studies in transgenic mice." Dev.Neurosci. 16: 212-221.

Cicchetti F, Lapointe N, Roberge-Tremblay A, Saint-Pierre M, Jimenez L, Ficke BW, Gross RE (2005) Systemic exposure to paraquat and maneb models early Parkinson's disease in young adult rats. Neurobiol Dis 20: 360-371

Davis LE, Kornfeld M, Mooney HS, Fiedler KJ, Haaland KY, Orrison WW, Cernichiari E, Clarkson TW (1994) Methylmercury poisoning: long-term clinical, radiological, toxicological, and pathological studies of an affected family. Ann Neurol 35: 680-688

Figiel I, Dzwonek K (2007) TNFalpha and TNF receptor 1 expression in the mixed neuronal-glial cultures of hippocampal dentate gyrus exposed to glutamate or trimethyltin. Brain Res 1131: 17-28

Finsen, B. R., M. B. Jorgensen, et al. (1993). "Microglial MHC antigen expression after ischemic and kainic acid lesions of the adult rat hippocampus." Glia 7: 41-49.

Little AR, Miller DB, Li S, Kashon ML, O'Callaghan JP (2012) Trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity: gene expression pathway analysis, q-RT-PCR and immunoblotting reveal early effects associated with hippocampal damage and gliosis. Neurotoxicol Teratol 34: 72-82

Liu MC, Liu XQ, Wang W, Shen XF, Che HL, Guo YY, Zhao MG, Chen JY, Luo WJ (2012) Involvement of microglia activation in the lead induced long-term potentiation impairment. PLoS One 7: e43924

Mangano EN, Peters S, Litteljohn D, So R, Bethune C, Bobyn J, Clarke M, Hayley S (2011) Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic cell loss in an environmental toxin model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 43: 99-112

Marin-Teva, J. L., M. A. Cuadros, et al. (2011). "Microglia and neuronal cell death." Neuron Glia Biol 7(1): 25-40.

Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG, Pithon E, van Melle G, Honegger P (1995a) Microglial responsiveness as a sensitive marker for trimethyltin (TMT) neurotoxicity. Brain Res 690: 8-14

Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG, Honegger P (1996) Comparison of the developmental effects of two mercury compounds on glial cells and neurons in aggregate cultures of rat telencephalon. Brain Res 741: 52-59

Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F (2005) Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science 308: 1314-1318

O'Callaghan, J. P. (1988). "Neurotypic and gliotypic proteins as biochemical markers of neurotoxicity." Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 10: 445-452.

Pitter, K. L., I. Tamagno, et al. (2014). "The SHH/Gli pathway is reactivated in reactive glia and drives proliferation in response to neurodegeneration-induced lesions." Glia 62(10): 1595-1607.

Sandstrom von Tobel, J., D. Zoia, et al. (2014). "Immediate and delayed effects of subchronic Paraquat exposure during an early differentiation stage in 3D-rat brain cell cultures." Toxicol Lett. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.001

Selvin-Testa A, Loidl CF, Lopez-Costa JJ, Lopez EM, Pecci-Saavedra J (1994) Chronic lead exposure induces astrogliosis in hippocampus and cerebellum. NeuroToxicology 15: 389-402

Streit, W. J., J. Conde, et al. (2001). "Chemokines and Alzheimer's disease." Neurobiol. Aging 22: 909-913.

Taetzsch T, Block ML (2013) Pesticides, microglial NOX2, and Parkinson's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 27: 137-149

von Tobel, J. S., P. Antinori, et al. (2014). "Repeated exposure to Ochratoxin A generates a neuroinflammatory response, characterized by neurodegenerative M1 microglial phenotype." Neurotoxicology 44C: 61-70.

Zurich M-G, Eskes C, Honegger P, Bérode M, Monnet-Tschudi F (2002) Maturation-dependent neurotoxicity of lead aceate in vitro: Implication of glial reactions. J Neurosc Res 70: 108-116