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Relationship: 377

Title

A descriptive phrase which clearly defines the two KEs being considered and the sequential relationship between them (i.e., which is upstream, and which is downstream). More help

Covalent Binding, Protein leads to Activation, Dendritic Cells

Upstream event
The causing Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help
Covalent Binding, Protein
Downstream event
The responding Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help
Activation, Dendritic Cells

Key Event Relationship Overview

The utility of AOPs for regulatory application is defined, to a large extent, by the confidence and precision with which they facilitate extrapolation of data measured at low levels of biological organisation to predicted outcomes at higher levels of organisation and the extent to which they can link biological effect measurements to their specific causes.Within the AOP framework, the predictive relationships that facilitate extrapolation are represented by the KERs. Consequently, the overall WoE for an AOP is a reflection in part, of the level of confidence in the underlying series of KERs it encompasses. Therefore, describing the KERs in an AOP involves assembling and organising the types of information and evidence that defines the scientific basis for inferring the probable change in, or state of, a downstream KE from the known or measured state of an upstream KE. More help

AOPs Referencing Relationship

AOP Name Adjacency Weight of Evidence Quantitative Understanding Point of Contact Author Status OECD Status
Covalent Protein binding leading to Skin Sensitisation adjacent High Sharon Munn (send email) Open for citation & comment WPHA/WNT Endorsed
Covalent Binding, Protein, leading to Increase, Allergic Respiratory Hypersensitivity Response adjacent High Not Specified Jessica Ponder (send email) Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome Under Development

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KER.In general, this will be dictated by the more restrictive of the two KEs being linked together by the KER.  More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
human Homo sapiens High NCBI

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KER. More help
Sex Evidence
Unspecific

Life Stage Applicability

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KER.  More help
Term Evidence
All life stages

Key Event Relationship Description

Provides a concise overview of the information given below as well as addressing details that aren’t inherent in the description of the KEs themselves. More help

Dendritic cells are activated directly by exposure to haptens in both skin and respiratory sensitization. This portion of the KER description is based only on the OECD document 2012 and needs updating:

As noted in the AOP during allergen contact with the skin, immature epidermal dendritic cells, known as Langerhans cells, and dermal dendritic cells serve as antigen-presenting cells[1];[2];[3]. In this role, they recognize and internalize the hapten-protein complex formed during covalent binding. Subsequently, the dendritic cell loses its ability to seize new hapten-protein complexes and gains the potential to display the allergen-MHC-complex to naive T-cells; this process is often referred to as dendritic cell maturation.

Evidence Collection Strategy

Include a description of the approach for identification and assembly of the evidence base for the KER. For evidence identification, include, for example, a description of the sources and dates of information consulted including expert knowledge, databases searched and associated search terms/strings.  Include also a description of study screening criteria and methodology, study quality assessment considerations, the data extraction strategy and links to any repositories/databases of relevant references.Tabular summaries and links to relevant supporting documentation are encouraged, wherever possible. More help

Evidence Supporting this KER

Addresses the scientific evidence supporting KERs in an AOP setting the stage for overall assessment of the AOP. More help
Biological Plausibility
Addresses the biological rationale for a connection between KEupstream and KEdownstream.  This field can also incorporate additional mechanistic details that help inform the relationship between KEs, this is useful when it is not practical/pragmatic to represent these details as separate KEs due to the difficulty or relative infrequency with which it is likely to be measured.   More help

It is accepted and experimentally proved that during skin sensitisation process, immature epidermal and dermal dendritic cells recognize and internalize the hapten-protein complex formed during covalent binding and subsequently mature and migrate to the local lymph nodes[1];[2];[3].

Monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) and THP-1 cells exposed to haptens with cysteine, lysine, or cysteine/lysine reactivity induced the expression of Nrf2 pathway-related genes when exposed to chemical sensitizers having cysteine and cysteine/ lysine affinities, while lysine-reactive chemicals (phthalic anhydride [PA] and TMA) were less efficient. (Migdal et al., 2013) Also, these chemicals did not prod the Mo-DCs to produce maturation markers CD86 and CD83, while PA was able to modify THP-1 cells to produce CD86 and CD54 markers.

(Toebak et al., 2006) used Mo-DCs to investigate the polarization potential of TMA compared to contact and protein allergens. In contrast to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and similarly to protein allergen Der p1, TMA led to a decreased IL-12p70/IL-10 ratio and did not induce TNF-a or CXCL10 production, a demonstration of Th2-skewing. TMA was also found to increase the production of the cytokines IL-10 and IL-13, another hallmark of Th2 response, in DCs enriched from human blood. (Holden et al., 2008) Finally, TMA induced increased production of IL-10 when incubated with precision cut lung slices (PCLS) for 24 hours. (Lauenstein et al., 2014)

In BALB/c mice, TDI applied to the skin led to TDI-haptenated protein (TDI-hp) (skin keratins and albumin) localization in the stratum corneum, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands within 3 hours, with intensity of staining following a dose–response relationship. (Nayak et al., 2014) Subsequently, CD11b+, Langerin (CD207)-expressing DCs, and CD103+ cells migrated to regions of TDI-hp staining. These cells are involved in antigen uptake and stimulation of effector T cells.

Migration depends on the expression of chemokine receptors and their respective CCLs, as well as on adhesion molecules, such as integrins. DCs express receptors for, and respond to, constitutive and inflammatory chemokines and other chemoattractants, such as platelet-activating factor and formyl peptides.

Uncertainties and Inconsistencies
Addresses inconsistencies or uncertainties in the relationship including the identification of experimental details that may explain apparent deviations from the expected patterns of concordance. More help

The expression of other cytokines linked to skin sensitisers include IL-1 α, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α form the basis for other dendritic cell assays. In general, an increase in cytokine/chemokine secretion or receptor expression is observed when sensitisers were tested but not when non-sensitisers were tested. However, there is currently only a limited number of chemicals evaluated in more than one assay and results are sometimes contradictory.

Much investigation has gone into assessing the specific mechanistic events involved in skin sensitizer-caused DC migration. Ex vivo studies with intact human skin, epidermal sheets, and MUTZ-3-derived Langerhans cells (LC) show that fibroblasts mediate migration of cytokine-matured LC via chemokines, including CXCL12, CXCR4, and dermis-derived CCL2 and CCL5. (Ouwehand et al., 2008, 2011, 2012) The relevance of these studies for respiratory sensitization is not known. Some evidence indicates that IL-10, upregulated by TMA, may block the migration of LC for a short period of time to allow a Th2 phenotype to develop.(Holden et al., 2008, Cumberbatch et al., 2005)

Known modulating factors

This table captures specific information on the MF, its properties, how it affects the KER and respective references.1.) What is the modulating factor? Name the factor for which solid evidence exists that it influences this KER. Examples: age, sex, genotype, diet 2.) Details of this modulating factor. Specify which features of this MF are relevant for this KER. Examples: a specific age range or a specific biological age (defined by...); a specific gene mutation or variant, a specific nutrient (deficit or surplus); a sex-specific homone; a certain threshold value (e.g. serum levels of a chemical above...) 3.) Description of how this modulating factor affects this KER. Describe the provable modification of the KER (also quantitatively, if known). Examples: increase or decrease of the magnitude of effect (by a factor of...); change of the time-course of the effect (onset delay by...); alteration of the probability of the effect; increase or decrease of the sensitivity of the downstream effect (by a factor of...) 4.) Provision of supporting scientific evidence for an effect of this MF on this KER. Give a list of references.  More help
Response-response Relationship
Provides sources of data that define the response-response relationships between the KEs.  More help
Time-scale
Information regarding the approximate time-scale of the changes in KEdownstream relative to changes in KEupstream (i.e., do effects on KEdownstream lag those on KEupstream by seconds, minutes, hours, or days?). More help

Mo-DCs express maturation factors in a few hours following exposure, similar in time-scale to the activation of inflammatory responses. In vivo, DC migration to lymph nodes is typically measured 18 hours after exposure.

Known Feedforward/Feedback loops influencing this KER
Define whether there are known positive or negative feedback mechanisms involved and what is understood about their time-course and homeostatic limits. More help

Domain of Applicability

A free-text section of the KER description that the developers can use to explain their rationale for the taxonomic, life stage, or sex applicability structured terms. More help

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KER description. More help
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ryan CA, Gerberick GF, Gildea LA, Hulette BC, Bettis CJ, Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ and Kimber I. 2005. Interactions of contact allergens with dendritic cells: opportunities and challenges for the development of novel approaches to hazard assessment. Toxicol. Sci. 88: 4-11.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ryan CA, Kimber I, Basketter DA, Pallardy M, Gildea LA, Gerberick GF. 2007. Dendritic cells and skin sensitisation. Biological roles and uses in hazard identification. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 221: 384-394.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kimber I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Ryan CA and Dearman RJ. 2011. Chemical allergy: Translating biology into hazard characterization. Toxicol. Sci. 120(S1): S238-S268.
  4. ↑ Gerberick F, Aleksic M, Basketter D, Casati S, Karlberg AT, Kern P, Kimber I, Lepoittevin JP, Natsch A, Ovigne JM, Rovida C, Sakaguchi H and Schultz T. 2008. Chemical reactivity measurement and the predictive identification of skin sensitisers. Altern. Lab. Anim.36: 215-242.
  5. ↑ Karlberg AT, Bergström MA, Börje A, Luthman, K, Nilsson JL. 2008. Allergic contact dermatitis- formation, structural requirements, and reactivity of skin sensitizers. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 21: 53-69.
  6. ↑ Vocanson M, Hennino A, Rozieres A, Poyet G, Nicolas JF. 2009. Effector and regulatory mechanisms in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy 64: 1699-1714.
  7. ↑ Aeby P, Ashikaga T, Bessou-Touya S, Schapky A, Geberick F, Kern P, Marrec-Fairley M, Maxwell G, Ovigne J-M, Sakaguchi H, Reisinger K, Tailhardat M, Martinozzi-Teisser S, Winkler P. 2010. Identifying and characterizing chemical skin sensitizers without animal testing; Colipa’s research and methods development program. Toxicol. In Vitro 24: 1465-1473.
  8. ↑ Basketter DA and Kimber I. 2010. Contact hypersensitivity. In: McQueen, CA (ed) Comparative Toxicology Vol. 5, 2nd Ed. Elsevier, Kidlington, UK, pp. 397-411.
  9. ↑ Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, Ejner-Andersen K, Angers- Loustau A, Aptula A, Bal-Price A, Benfenati E, Bernauer U, Bessems J, Bois FY, Boobis A, Brandon E, Bremer S, Broschard T, Casati S Coecke S Corvi R, Cronin M, Daston G, Dekant W, Felter S, Grignard E, Gundert-Remy U, Heinonen T, Kimber I, Kleinjans J, Komulainen H, Kreiling R, Kreysa J, Batista Leite S, Loizou G, Maxwell G, Mazzatorta P, Munn S, Pfuhler S, Phrakonkham P, Piersma A, Poth A, Prieto P, Repetto G, Rogiers V, Schoeters G, Schwarz M, Serafimova R, Tahti H, Testai E, van Delft J, van Loveren H, Vinken M, Worth A, Zaldivar JM. 2011. Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects-2010. Arch. Toxicol. 85: 367-485.
  10. ↑ Lempertz U, Kühn U, Knop J and Becker D. 1996. An approach to predictive testing of contact sensitizers in vitro by monitoring their influence on endocytic mechanisms. Internat. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 111: 64-70.
  11. ↑ Sakaguchi H, Ashikaga T, Miyazawa M, Kosaka N, Ito Y, Yoneyama K, Sono S, Itagaki H, Toyoda H, Suzuki H. 2009. The relationship between CD86/CD54 expression and THP-1 cell viability in an in vitro skin sensitisation test-human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). Cell Biol. Toxicol. 25: 109-126.
  12. ↑ Ashikaga T, Sakaguchi H, Sono S, Kosaka N, Ishikawa M, Nukada Y, Miyazawa M, Ito Y, Nishiyama N, Itagaki H. 2010. A comparative evaluation of in vitro skin sensitisation tests: the human cell-line activation test (h-CLAT) versus the local lymph node assay (LLNA). Altern. Lab. Anim. 38:275-84.

CUMBERBATCH, M., CLELLAND, K., DEARMAN, R. J. & KIMBER, I. 2005. Impact of cutaneous IL-10 on resident epidermal Langerhans' cells and the development of polarized immune responses. J Immunol, 175, 43-50.

HOLDEN, N. J., BEDFORD, P. A., MCCARTHY, N. E., MARKS, N. A., IND, P. W., JOWSEY, I. R., BASKETTER, D. A. & KNIGHT, S. C. 2008. Dendritic cells from control but not atopic donors respond to contact and respiratory sensitizer treatment in vitro with differential cytokine production and altered stimulatory capacity. Clin Exp Allergy, 38, 1148-59.

MIGDAL, C., BOTTON, J., EL ALI, Z., AZOURY, M. E., GULDEMANN, J., GIMÉNEZ-ARNAU, E., LEPOITTEVIN, J. P., KERDINE-RÖMER, S. & PALLARDY, M. 2013. Reactivity of chemical sensitizers toward amino acids in cellulo plays a role in the activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in human monocyte dendritic cells and the THP-1 cell line. Toxicol Sci, 133, 259-74.

NAYAK, A. P., HETTICK, J. M., SIEGEL, P. D., ANDERSON, S. E., LONG, C. M., GREEN, B. J. & BEEZHOLD, D. H. 2014. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) disposition and co-localization of immune cells in hair follicles. Toxicol Sci, 140, 327-37.

OUWEHAND, K., SANTEGOETS, S. J., BRUYNZEEL, D. P., SCHEPER, R. J., DE GRUIJL, T. D. & GIBBS, S. 2008. CXCL12 is essential for migration of activated Langerhans cells from epidermis to dermis. Eur J Immunol, 38, 3050-9.

OUWEHAND, K., SPIEKSTRA, S. W., WAAIJMAN, T., BREETVELD, M., SCHEPER, R. J., DE GRUIJL, T. D. & GIBBS, S. 2012. CCL5 and CCL20 mediate immigration of Langerhans cells into the epidermis of full thickness human skin equivalents. Eur J Cell Biol, 91, 765-73.

OUWEHAND, K., SPIEKSTRA, S. W., WAAIJMAN, T., SCHEPER, R. J., DE GRUIJL, T. D. & GIBBS, S. 2011. Technical advance: Langerhans cells derived from a human cell line in a full-thickness skin equivalent undergo allergen-induced maturation and migration. J Leukoc Biol, 90, 1027-33.

TOEBAK, M. J., MOED, H., VON BLOMBERG, M. B., BRUYNZEEL, D. P., GIBBS, S., SCHEPER, R. J. & RUSTEMEYER, T. 2006. Intrinsic characteristics of contact and respiratory allergens influence production of polarizing cytokines by dendritic cells. Contact Dermatitis, 55, 238-45.