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Event: 2199

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

Increased, Expression of LXR activated genes

Short name

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Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help

Level of Biological Organization
Molecular

Cell term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place. For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable. For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable. Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Organ term

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling). The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor). Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description. To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons. If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests. Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add. Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Process	Object	Action
gene expression		increased

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help

AOP Name	Role of event in AOP	Point of Contact	Author Status	OECD Status
LXR activation leads to liver steatosis	KeyEvent	John Frisch (send email)	Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help

Term	Scientific Term	Evidence	Link
Vertebrates	Vertebrates	High	NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help

Life stage	Evidence
Adult	High
Juvenile	Moderate

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help

Term	Evidence
Unspecific	High

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

Liver X receptor (LXR) gene expression activate a suite of genes responsible for de novo fatty acid synthesis. These genes include: Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS); Sterol Response Element Binding Proteins (SREBP); Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Proteins (ChREBP); stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) (Schultz et al. 2000, Grefhorst et al. 2002; Kotokorpi et al. 2007; Nguyen et al. 2008).

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

Differences are measured by changes in gene expression and protein levels. Effects on expression of downstream genes can be investigating using metabolomics and RT-qPCR approaches.

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided). More help

Life Stage: Older individuals are more likely to manifest this adverse outcome pathway (adults > juveniles) due to increased opportunity to upregulate gene expression.

Sex: Applies to both males and females.

Taxonomic: Appears to be present broadly in vertebrates, with most representative studies in mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats).

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help

Grefhorst, A., Elzinga, B.M., Voshol, P.J., Plösch, T., Kok, T., Bloks, V.W., van der Sluijs, F.H., Havekes, L.M., Romijn, J.A., Verkade, H.J., and Kuipers, F. 2002. Stimulation of Lipogenesis by Pharmacological Activation of the Liver X Receptor Leads to Production of Large, Triglyceride-rich Very Low Density Lipoprotein Particles. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277(37): 34182–34190.

Kotokorpi, P., Ellis, E., Parini, P., Nilsson, L.-M., Strom, S., Steffensen, K.R., Gustafsson, J.-A., and Mode, A. 2007. Physiological Differences between Human and Rat Primary Hepatocytes in Response to Liver X Receptor Activation by 3-[3-[N-(2-Chloro-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-(2,2-diphenylethyl)amino]propyloxy]phenylacetic Acid Hydrochloride (GW3965). Molecular Pharmacology 72(4): 947-955.

Nguyen, P., Leray, V., Diez, M., Serisier, S., Le Bloc’h, J., Siliart, B., and Dumon, H. 2008. Liver lipid metabolism. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 92: 272–283.

Schultz, J.R., Tu, H., Luk, A., Repa, J.J., Medina, J.C., Li, L., Schwendner, S., Wang, S., Thoolen, M., Mangelsdorf, D.J., Lustig, K.D., and Shan, B. 2000. Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis. Genes and Development 14:2831–2838.