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Event: 2213

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

Impaired, urethral tube closure

Short name

The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. More help

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Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help

Level of Biological Organization
Organ

Organ term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place. For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable. For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable. Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling). The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor). Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description. To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons. If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests. Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add. Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Process	Object	Action
animal organ formation	urethra	abnormal

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help

AOP Name	Role of event in AOP	Point of Contact	Author Status	OECD Status
Decreased COUP-TFII in Leydig cells leads to Hypospadias, increased	KeyEvent	John Frisch (send email)	Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help

Term	Scientific Term	Evidence	Link
Vertebrates	Vertebrates	Moderate	NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help

Life stage	Evidence
During development and at adulthood	Moderate

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help

Term	Evidence
Unspecific	Moderate

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

The urethra is a tube that allows urine to pass from the bladder to the outside of the body. In males, semen passes through the urethra during sex. Abnormalities observed in urethra include narrowing, lengthening, shortening, tube formation, and connection to bladder. Failure of the urethral tube to properly close and abnormal urethra formation are indicative of improper organ formation during development (see Palermo et al. 2021 for review with focus on exposure to phthalates). Research in laboratory mammals has focused on the levels of steroid compounds necessary for proper reproductive development (Kim et al. 2010; Suzuki et al. 2015; Shi et al. 2024), and the targeted disruption by toxicants during different periods of development (Foster and Harris 2005; Welsh et al. 2008).

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

Histological observations are required to detect failure for the urethra to develop, as well as other abnormalities with the urethra and surrounding reproductive tissue.

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided). More help

Life Stage: Problems first can be observed during gonad development, with adverse outcome manifesting in mature individuals.

Sex: Applies to both males and females.

Taxonomic: Most representative studies have been done in mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats); plausible for all vertebrates.

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help

Foster, P.M.D. and Harris, M.W. 2005. Changes in Androgen-Mediated Reproductive Development in Male Rat Offspring Following Exposure to a Single Oral Dose of Flutamide at Different Gestational Ages. Toxicological Sciences 85: 1024–1032.

Kim, T.S., Jung, K.K., Kim, S.S., Kang, I.H., Baek, J.H., Nam, H.-S., Hong, S.-K., Lee, B.M., Hong, J.T., Oh, K.W., Kim, H.S., Han, S.Y., and Kang, T.S. 2010. Effects of in Utero Exposure to DI(n-Butyl) Phthalate on Development of Male Reproductive Tracts in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 73(21-22): 1544-1559.

Palermo, C.M., Foreman, J.E., Wikoff, D.S., and Lea, I. 2021. Development of a putative adverse outcome pathway network for male rat reproductive tract abnormalities with specific considerations for the androgen sensitive window of development. Current Research in Toxicology 2: 254–271.

Shi, B. He, E., Chang, K., Xu, G., Meng, Q., Xu, H., Chen, Z., Wang, X., Jia, M., Sun, W., Zhao, W., Zhao, H., Dong, L., and Cui, H. 2024. Genistein prevents the production of hypospadias induced by Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate through androgen signaling and antioxidant response in rats. Journal of Hazardous Materials 466: 133537.

Suzuki, H., Suzuki, K., and Yamada, G. 2015. Systematic analyses of murine masculinization processes based on genital sex differentiation parameters. Development, Growth, and Differentiation 57: 639–647.

NOTE: Italics symbolize edits from John Frisch