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Event: 2317

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

Loss of olfactory function

Short name
The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. More help
Loss of olfactory function
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Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help
Level of Biological Organization
Organ

Organ term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Organ term
nose

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling).  The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor).  Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description.  To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons.  If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests.  Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Process Object Action
response to odorant Nose decreased

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help
AOP Name Role of event in AOP Point of Contact Author Status OECD Status
Inhibition, cytochrome oxidase leads to Loss of olfactory function AdverseOutcome John Frisch (send email) Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
rodents rodents High NCBI
humans Homo sapiens High NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help
Life stage Evidence
All life stages High

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help
Term Evidence
Unspecific High

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

Loss of olfactory function includes hyposomia (reduced sense of smell), anosomia (loss of odor perception), dysomia (distorted odor perception) or paralysis (temporary loss of odor perception) in humans (Stevenson 2010; Goyak and Lewis 2021).   Olfactory systems have been conserved evolutionarily in mammals with similar cellular mechanisms and organizational strategies (for overview see Lledo et al. 2005).  In brief, olfactory sensory neurons contain an odorant receptor for odor detection, from a G protein-coupled protein from a diversity of odor receptor genes.  Activated olfactory neurons induce a neural signal to a region of the olfactory bulb where olfactory sensory neurons that express the same odorant receptor converge.  The olfactory bulb is a brain structure that begins processing information from the neural impulses.  Loss of olfactory function is generally due to inhibition of the activation of odorant receptors or inhibition of neural signalling.

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

Loss of olfactory function can be detected clinically in humans via odor testing.  In laboratory mammals, loss of olfactory function is often detected in behavioral studies in which laboratory mammals lose the ability to avoid odors or detect food.

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided).  More help

Life Stage: Applies to all life stages after development of the nose.

Sex: Applies to both males and females.

Taxonomic: Primarily studied in humans and laboratory rodents.  Plausible for most mammals due to similar nose architecture.  Olfaction is important across the animal kingdom, with evolutionarily conserved olfactory receptor genes, receptor cell morphology, and intracellular signalling pathways (Ache and Young 2005).

Regulatory Significance of the Adverse Outcome

An AO is a specialised KE that represents the end (an adverse outcome of regulatory significance) of an AOP. More help

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help

Ache, B.W. and Young, J.M.  2005.  Olfaction: Diverse Species, Conserved Principles.  Neuron 48: 417–430.

Goyak, K.O. and Lewis, R.J.  2021.  Application of adverse outcome pathway networks to integrate mechanistic data informing the choice of a point of departure for hydrogen sulfide exposure limits. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 51(3): 193-208.

Lledo, P.-M., Gheusi, G., and Vincent, J.D.  2005.  Information Processing in the Mammalian Olfactory System. Physiological Reviews 85: 281-317.

Stevenson, R.J. 2010. An initial evaluation of the functions of human olfaction. Chemical Senses. 35(1): 3–20.