API

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Event: 2392

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

Depression

Short name
The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. More help
Depression
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Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help
Level of Biological Organization
Individual

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling).  The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor).  Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description.  To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons.  If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests.  Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
human Homo sapiens High NCBI
rat Rattus norvegicus High NCBI
mouse Mus musculus High NCBI
zebra fish Danio rerio High NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help
Life stage Evidence
During brain development, adulthood and aging High

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help
Term Evidence
Mixed High

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

Depressive disorder is a condition affecting approximately 185 million people worldwide. Clinical manifestations include depressed mood, loss of interest in daily activities, and suicidal thoughts. Individuals with this disorder are at increased risk of developing physical comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2021)

Depressive disorder is a multifactorial condition involving a variety of factors, including genetic, socioeconomic (e.g., poverty), adverse life events, childhood abuse, psychological factors (such as cognitive patterns), and biological factors (such as alterations in inflammatory and monoaminergic pathways). (Rasic et al., 2014; Havinga et al., 2017,World Health Organization, 2022; Miller & Raison, 2016;Belmaker & Agam, 2008)

The diagnostic criteria for the disorder are outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Commonly used treatments include antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), often combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Other therapies, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), may be indicated for long-term or treatment-resistant depression. Additionally, emerging biological interventions are being explored, including psychedelic therapies, as well as interventions related to lifestyle modifications. (American Psychiatric Association, 2022; World Health Organization, 2004; Bauer et al., 2017). 

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided).  More help

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help

Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. (2021). Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Available at: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ 

Rasic, D., Hajek, T., Alda, M., & Uher, R. (2014). Risk of mental illness in offspring of parents with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of family high-risk studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt114 

Havinga, P.J., et al. (2017). Doomed to disorder? High incidence of mood and anxiety disorders in children of depressed and anxious patients: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78, 13086. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13086 

World Health Organization. (2022). World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All – Executive Summary. World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240060256 

Miller, A.H., & Raison, C.L. (2016). The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16, 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2015.5 

Belmaker, R.H., & Agam, G. (2008). Major depressive disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra073096 

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Association.

World Health Organization. (2004). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Alphabetical Index, Vol. 3. World Health Organization.

Bauer, M., Severus, E., Möller, H.J., & Young, A.H. (2017). Pharmacological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders: summary of WFSBP guidelines. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2017.1306082 

Cui, L., Li, S., Wang, S., Wu, X., Liu, Y., Yu, W., Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Xia, M., & Li, B. (2024). Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 9, 30. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-01738-y 

Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. (2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392, 1789–1858. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7 

Hasin, D.S., Sarvet, A.L., Meyers, J.L., Saha, T.D., Ruan, W.J., Stohl, M., ... & Grant, B.F. (2018). Epidemiology of DSM-5 major depressive disorder in adults in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III. JAMA Psychiatry, 75, 336–346. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602

Malhi, G.S., & Mann, J.J. (2018). Depression. The Lancet, 392, 2299–2312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31948-2  

Stetler, C., & Miller, G.E. (2011). Depression and HPA axis activation: a quantitative summary of four decades of research. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31820ad12b