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Relationship: 1314
Title
Chronic, Mucus hypersecretion leads to Decreased lung function
Upstream event
Downstream event
Key Event Relationship Overview
AOPs Referencing Relationship
Taxonomic Applicability
Term | Scientific Term | Evidence | Link |
---|---|---|---|
human | Homo sapiens | High | NCBI |
Sex Applicability
Sex | Evidence |
---|---|
Mixed | High |
Life Stage Applicability
Term | Evidence |
---|---|
Adult | High |
Key Event Relationship Description
Increased mucin production and mucus hypersecretion following acute exposure are thought to contribute to innate airway defenses and are most likely limited by anti-inflammatory mechanisms aimed at resolving the exposure-related stress (Rose and Voynow 2006; Ramos et al., 2014). However, under chronic exposure conditions, airway remodeling will persist, leading to airway narrowing, and the elevated number of goblet cells results in higher basal mucus levels (Rogers, 2007). Eventually, increased mucin production and mucus hypersecretion may lead to airway obstruction and a progressive decline in lung function over time (Kim and Criner, 2015; Aoshiba and Nagai, 2004; Vestbo et al, 1996). In the general population, the prevalence of chronic mucus hypersecretion is estimated to be between 3.5% to 12.7% (de Oca et al., 2012), and chronic mucus hypersecretion is linked to an excess decline of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) as well as increased hospitalization and mortality rates (Vestbo et al., 1989; Ekberg-Aronsson et al., 2005).
Evidence Collection Strategy
Evidence Supporting this KER
Biological Plausibility
Clinical studies showed that MUC5AC expression in bronchial epithelium was inversely correlated with FEV1 (% predicted) and with FEV1/FVC ratio (Caramori et al., 2009; Innes et al., 2006), and epidemiological evidence indicates a link between mucus hypersecretion and decreased lung function (Allinson et al., 2015; Pistelli et al., 2003; Vestbo et al., 1996). As a cause-effect relationship between goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia, increased mucin production, mucus hypersecretion and airway obstruction cannot be conclusively proven, but the link between chronic mucus hypersecretion and lung function is clinically accepted, we believe that biological plausibility is high.
Empirical Evidence
Goblet cell hyperplasia and MUC5AC expression, both of which contribute to mucus hypersecretion, were increased in the airways of COPD patients compared with non-COPD patients (with normal lung function) (Ma et al., 2005). The volume of epithelial mucin stores was larger in bronchial biopsies from smokers with airflow obstruction than in those without and correlated with the FEV1/FVC ratio (Innes et al., 2006). Another study showed that MUC5AC expression in bronchial epithelium was inversely correlated with FEV1% predicted (Caramori et al., 2009). Epidemiological data indicated that self-reported symptoms including chronic sputum production and/or chronic cough in middle-aged current smokers increased the likelihood of airflow limitation at later stages of life and that lung function declines more rapidly the longer chronic mucus hypersecretion persists, at least in this middle-age group (Vestbo et al., 1996; Allinson et al., 2015; Pistelli et al., 2003).
Uncertainties and Inconsistencies
Mucus hypersecretion is a physiological response to inhalation exposures such as pollutants or infectious agents. As such, it is typically of short duration and does not pose a major problem to normal lung function. However, in the presence of chronic inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia, increased mucus production may turn into mucus hypersecretion and ultimately decrease airflow. Because this may be accompanied by impaired mucociliary clearance and ineffective cough (Ramos et al., 2014), and owing to the lack of direct evidence, it is currently unclear whether chronic mucus hypersecretion alone is sufficient to elicit a decrease in lung function.
The prevalence of chronic mucus hypersecretion generally increases with age (Fletcher et al., 1976; Viegi et al., 2007). This may explain why Sunyer et al. (1998) did not observe decreased lung function in a randomly selected population of 20-45 year-old men and women that experienced occupational exposures to o dusts, gases, and fumes, even though those exposures were associated with a higher incidence of chronic phlegm in men exposed to mineral dust (relative risk, 1.94 [1.29–2.91]) and gases and fumes (relative risk, 1.53 [0.99–2.36]).
Known modulating factors
Allinson et al. (2015) reported that smoking cessation at any age reversed or avoided the escalating prevalence of smoking-related chronic mucus hypersecretion, similar to Kim et al. (2016) who found that quitting smoking increased the odds of "resolving" chronic bronchitis.
Quantitative Understanding of the Linkage
Response-response Relationship
Following exposure to smoke from 3R4F research cigarettes for 1 h twice daily for 6 months (SCIREQ, InExpose model), ferrets developed goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia and chronic mucus hypersecretion (histology, PAS staining, Muc5b and Muc5ac staining). Mucus expression measured by PAS-positive goblet cell area, normalized by the size of the airway lumen to account for cell variation due to airway diameter, was 60% higher in smoke-exposed than in air-exposed animals (0.042% ± 0.025% smoke vs. 0.025% ± 0.013% air control). Inspiratory capacity, a sensitive marker of airway obstruction, was significantly reduced in smoke-exposed ferrets (79.5 ± 9.4 mL vs. 85.9 ± 5.9 mL air control) (Raju et al., 2016).
In a Dutch population-based cohort study, COPD subjects with chronic bronchitis (defined as having a productive cough for ⩾3 months a year during the past 2 years) had a 38.2 mL per year greater decline in FEV1 than COPD subjects without chronic bronchitis (95% CI −61.7 to−14.6 mL) adjusted for age, sex and pack-years of cigarette smoking (Lahousse et al., 2017).
In a cross-sectional multicenter study in Belgium and Luxembourg, COPD patients with chronic bronchitis (defined as cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of two consecutive years, in the absence of other causes of chronic cough) had both lower FEV1% predicted and FEV1/VC% (Corhay et al., 2013).
In the PLATINO study of 5,314 subjects (759 with and 4,554 without COPD), subjects with chronic bronchitis (defined as phlegm on most days, at least 3 months per year for >2 yrs) had worse lung function (pre-bronchodilator FEV1: 67.6 ± 2.10% predicted vs 81.0 ± 0.93; post-bronchodilator FEV1: 73.0 ± 2.10% predicted vs 84.0 ± 0.85; pre-bronchodilator FVC: 90.5 ± 2.18% predicted vs 99.6 ± 0.90; post-bronchodilator FVC: 96.0 ± 2.32% predicted vs 104.0±0.82) (de Oca et al., 2012).
In the COPDgene study, COPD patients with chronic bronchitis had significantly lower FEV1% predicted and FVC% predicted than those without (63.20 ± 25.03 vs 79.91 ± 26.07 and 83.18 ± 17.44 vs 89.74 ± 18.12). They also experienced a greater annual decline in FEV1 than COPD patients without chronic bronchitis (-44.60 ± 61.58 mL vs -39.20 ± 49.42), although this was not significant (Kim et al., 2016).
In a Chinese study, COPD patients with chronic bronchitis (defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of two consecutive years, in the absence of other causes of chronic cough) had lower FEV1% predicted and FVC% predicted than those without (42.1±18.0 vs 52.6±19.7 and 64.7±21.2 vs 75.1±24.2) (Liang et al., 2017).
Time-scale
In a 12-year follow-up study of 1,757 males and 2,191 females, men and women with chronic phlegm, a clinical surrogate of chronic mucus hypersecretion, showed a decline in FEV1 of 4.5±2.0 mL/year and 1.7±1.5 mL/year, respectively (Sherman et al., 1992).
In a 5-year follow-up study of 5,354 women and 4,081 men, chronic airway mucus hypersecretion was significantly associated with an excess decline in FEV1 decline of 22.8 mL/year and 12.6 mL/year among male and female COPD patients, respectively compared with men without airway mucus hypersecretion after adjusting for age, height, weight, and smoking (Vestbo et al., 1996).
An analysis of the National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) data indicated that chronic mucus hypersecretion was associated with smoking status, and that the longer it was present, the faster was the decline in FEV1 (Allinson et al., 2015).
Known Feedforward/Feedback loops influencing this KER
Domain of Applicability
References
Allinson, J.P., Hardy, R., Donaldson, G.C., Shaheen, S.O., Kuh, D., and Wedzicha, J.A. (2016). The presence of chronic mucus hypersecretion across adult life in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 193, 662-672.
Aoshiba, K., and Nagai, A. (2004). Differences in airway remodeling between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 27, 35-43.
Caramori, G., Casolari, P., Di Gregorio, C., Saetta, M., Baraldo, S., Boschetto, P., Ito, K., Fabbri, L.M., Barnes, P.J., and Adcock, I.M. (2009). MUC5AC expression is increased in bronchial submucosal glands of stable COPD patients. Histopathology 55, 321-331.
Corhay, J.-L., Vincken, W., Schlesser, M., Bossuyt, P., and Imschoot, J. (2013). Chronic bronchitis in COPD patients is associated with increased risk of exacerbations: a cross‐sectional multicentre study. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 67, 1294-1301.
de Oca, M.M., Halbert, R.J., Lopez, M.V., Perez-Padilla, R., Tálamo, C., Moreno, D., et al. (2012). The chronic bronchitis phenotype in subjects with and without COPD: the PLATINO study. Eur. Respir. J. 40, 28-36.
Ekberg-Aronsson, M., Pehrsson, K., Nilsson, J.-Å., Nilsson, P.M., and Löfdahl, C.-G. (2005). Mortality in GOLD stages of COPD and its dependence on symptoms of chronic bronchitis. Respir. Res. 6, 1-9.
Fletcher, C., Peto, R., Tinker, C., and Speizer, F.E. (1976). The natural history of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. An eight-year study of early chronic obstructive lung disease in working men in London. Oxford University Press, London.
Innes, A.L., Woodruff, P.G., Ferrando, R.E., Donnelly, S., Dolganov, G.M., Lazarus, S.C., and Fahy, J.V. (2006). Epithelial mucin stores are increased in the large airways of smokers with airflow obstruction. Chest 130, 1102-1108.
Kim, V., and Criner, G.J. (2015). The chronic bronchitis phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: features and implications. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 21, 133-141.
Kim, V., Zhao, H., Boriek, A.M., Anzueto, A., Soler, X., Bhatt, S.P., et al. (2016). Persistent and newly developed chronic bronchitis are associated with worse outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 13, 1016-1025.
Lahousse, L., Seys, L.J., Joos, G.F., Franco, O.H., Stricker, B.H., and Brusselle, G.G. (2017). Epidemiology and impact of chronic bronchitis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 50, 1602470.
Liang, Y., Chen, Y., Wu, R., Lu, M., Yao, W., Kang, J., et al. (2017). Chronic bronchitis is associated with severe exacerbation and prolonged recovery period in Chinese patients with COPD: a multicenter cross-sectional study. J. Thorac. Dis. 9, 5120-5130.
Ma, R., Wang, Y., Cheng, G., Zhang, H., Wan, H., and Huang, S. (2005). MUC5AC expression up-regulation goblet cell hyperplasia in the airway of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin. Med. Sci. J 20, 181-184.
Pistelli, R., Lange, P., and Miller, D.L. (2003). Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity. Eur. Resp. J. 21, 10s-14s.
Raju, S.V., Kim, H., Byzek, S.A., Tang, L.P., Trombley, J.E., Jackson, P., et al. (2016). A ferret model of COPD-related chronic bronchitis. JCI Insight 1, e87536.
Rogers, D.F. (2007). Physiology of airway mucus secretion and pathophysiology of hypersecretion. Respir. Care 52, 1134-1149.
Rose, M.C., and Voynow, J.A. (2006). Respiratory tract mucin genes and mucin glycoproteins in health and disease. Physiol. Rev. 86, 245-278.
Sherman, C.B., Xu, X., Speizer, F.E., Ferris, B.G., Jr., Weiss, S.T., and Dockery, D.W. (1992). Longitudinal lung function decline in subjects with respiratory symptoms. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146, 855-859.
Sunyer, J., Zock, J.P., Kromhout, H., Garcia-Esteban, R., Radon, K., Jarvis, D., et al. (2005). Lung function decline, chronic bronchitis, and occupational exposures in young adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172, 1139-1145.
Vestbo, J., and Rasmussen, F. (1989). Respiratory symptoms and FEV1 as predictors of hospitalization and medication in the following 12 years due to respiratory disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2, 710-715.
Vestbo, J., Prescott, E., and Lange, P. (1996). Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153, 1530-1535.
Viegi, G., Pistelli, F., Sherrill, D.L., Maio, S., Baldacci, S., and Carrozzi, L. (2007). Definition, epidemiology and natural history of COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 30, 993-1013.