This AOP is open for adoption and licensed under the BY-SA license. The BY-SA license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms.

This AOP is open for adoption. Please email aopwiki@googlegroups.com to indicate your interest in becoming the main point of contact for this AOP.

AOP: 498

Title

A descriptive phrase which references both the Molecular Initiating Event and Adverse Outcome.It should take the form “MIE leading to AO”. For example, “Aromatase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction” where Aromatase inhibition is the MIE and reproductive dysfunction the AO. In cases where the MIE is unknown or undefined, the earliest known KE in the chain (i.e., furthest upstream) should be used in lieu of the MIE and it should be made clear that the stated event is a KE and not the MIE. More help

Increased LCN2/iron complex leading to neurological disorders

Short name

A name that succinctly summarises the information from the title. This name should not exceed 90 characters. More help

Lipocalin 2/Iron complex increases, Cognative dysfunction

The current version of the Developer's Handbook will be automatically populated into the Handbook Version field when a new AOP page is created.Authors have the option to switch to a newer (but not older) Handbook version any time thereafter. More help

Handbook Version v2.6

Graphical Representation

A graphical representation of the AOP.This graphic should list all KEs in sequence, including the MIE (if known) and AO, and the pair-wise relationships (links or KERs) between those KEs. More help

Click to download graphical representation template Explore AOP in a Third Party Tool

Authors

The names and affiliations of the individual(s)/organisation(s) that created/developed the AOP. More help

Phonethip Phommaly, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Human and Environmental Toxicology, South Korea

Huong Giang Le, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Clean Energy Research Center, South Korea

Point of Contact

The user responsible for managing the AOP entry in the AOP-KB and controlling write access to the page by defining the contributors as described in the next section. More help

Young Jun Kim (email point of contact)

Contributors

Users with write access to the AOP page. Entries in this field are controlled by the Point of Contact. More help

Young Jun Kim

Coaches

This field is used to identify coaches who supported the development of the AOP.Each coach selected must be a registered author. More help

OECD Information Table

Provides users with information concerning how actively the AOP page is being developed and whether it is part of the OECD Workplan and has been reviewed and/or endorsed. OECD Project: Assigned upon acceptance onto OECD workplan. This project ID is managed and updated (if needed) by the OECD. OECD Status: For AOPs included on the OECD workplan, ‘OECD status’ tracks the level of review/endorsement of the AOP . This designation is managed and updated by the OECD. Journal-format Article: The OECD is developing co-operation with Scientific Journals for the review and publication of AOPs, via the signature of a Memorandum of Understanding. When the scientific review of an AOP is conducted by these Journals, the journal review panel will review the content of the Wiki. In addition, the Journal may ask the AOP authors to develop a separate manuscript (i.e. Journal Format Article) using a format determined by the Journal for Journal publication. In that case, the journal review panel will be required to review both the Wiki content and the Journal Format Article. The Journal will publish the AOP reviewed through the Journal Format Article. OECD iLibrary published version: OECD iLibrary is the online library of the OECD. The version of the AOP that is published there has been endorsed by the OECD. The purpose of publication on iLibrary is to provide a stable version over time, i.e. the version which has been reviewed and revised based on the outcome of the review. AOPs are viewed as living documents and may continue to evolve on the AOP-Wiki after their OECD endorsement and publication. More help

OECD Project #	OECD Status	Reviewer's Reports	Journal-format Article	OECD iLibrary Published Version

This AOP was last modified on June 16, 2023 05:48

Revision dates for related pages

Page	Revision Date/Time
Increased LCN2/iron complex binds to SLC22A17 receptor in neuron	June 15, 2023 04:36
Increased intracelluar Iron accumulation	June 15, 2023 04:38
Neuronal dysfunction	April 07, 2022 09:32
Neurological disorder	June 15, 2023 04:43
Increased LCN2/iron complex leads to Increased intracelluar Iron	June 15, 2023 04:44
Increased intracelluar Iron leads to Neuronal dysfunction	June 15, 2023 04:45
Neuronal dysfunction leads to Neurological disorder	June 15, 2023 04:45

Abstract

A concise and informative summation of the AOP under development that can stand-alone from the AOP page. The aim is to capture the highlights of the AOP and its potential scientific and regulatory relevance. More help

Iron accumulation in the brain has been implicated in the development of various neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. In Parkinson's disease, iron accumulation has been observed in the substantia nigra (SN), a region of the brain that is particularly vulnerable to degeneration in this disease. Iron can catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause oxidative damage to neurons, which can contribute to neurodegeneration. In Alzheimer's disease, iron accumulation has been observed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, regions of the brain that are affected in this disease. Iron can also contribute to the aggregation of beta-amyloid protein, a hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease. In Huntington's disease, iron accumulation has been observed in the caudate nucleus and putamen, regions of the brain that are affected in this disease. Iron can also contribute to the aggregation of mutant huntingtin protein, which is a key pathological feature of Huntington's disease. In multiple sclerosis, iron accumulation has been observed in lesions in the brain and spinal cord, and may contribute to demyelination and neurodegeneration in this disease. Overall, iron accumulation in the brain can contribute to the development of various neurological disorders through multiple mechanisms, including oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and neuroinflammation.

AOP Development Strategy

Context

Used to provide background information for AOP reviewers and users that is considered helpful in understanding the biology underlying the AOP and the motivation for its development.The background should NOT provide an overview of the AOP, its KEs or KERs, which are captured in more detail below. More help

Strategy

Provides a description of the approaches to the identification, screening and quality assessment of the data relevant to identification of the key events and key event relationships included in the AOP or AOP network.This information is important as a basis to support the objective/envisaged application of the AOP by the regulatory community and to facilitate the reuse of its components. Suggested content includes a rationale for and description of the scope and focus of the data search and identification strategy/ies including the nature of preliminary scoping and/or expert input, the overall literature screening strategy and more focused literature surveys to identify additional information (including e.g., key search terms, databases and time period searched, any tools used). More help

Summary of the AOP

This section is for information that describes the overall AOP.The information described in section 1 is entered on the upper portion of an AOP page within the AOP-Wiki. This is where some background information may be provided, the structure of the AOP is described, and the KEs and KERs are listed. More help

Events:

Molecular Initiating Events (MIE)

An MIE is a specialised KE that represents the beginning (point of interaction between a prototypical stressor and the biological system) of an AOP. More help

Key Events (KE)

A measurable event within a specific biological level of organisation. More help

Adverse Outcomes (AO)

An AO is a specialized KE that represents the end (an adverse outcome of regulatory significance) of an AOP. More help

Type	Event ID	Title	Short name

MIE

2148

Increased LCN2/iron complex binds to SLC22A17 receptor in neuron

Increased LCN2/iron complex

KE	2149	Increased intracelluar Iron accumulation	Increased intracelluar Iron
KE	191	Neuronal dysfunction	Neuronal dysfunction

2150

Neurological disorder

Relationships Between Two Key Events (Including MIEs and AOs)

This table summarizes all of the KERs of the AOP and is populated in the AOP-Wiki as KERs are added to the AOP.Each table entry acts as a link to the individual KER description page. More help

Title	Adjacency	Evidence	Quantitative Understanding

Increased LCN2/iron complex leads to Increased intracelluar Iron	adjacent	Moderate	High
Increased intracelluar Iron leads to Neuronal dysfunction	adjacent	High	High
Neuronal dysfunction leads to Neurological disorder	adjacent	Moderate	Low

Network View

This network graphic is automatically generated based on the information provided in the MIE(s), KEs, AO(s), KERs and Weight of Evidence (WoE) summary tables. The width of the edges representing the KERs is determined by its WoE confidence level, with thicker lines representing higher degrees of confidence. This network view also shows which KEs are shared with other AOPs. More help

Prototypical Stressors

A structured data field that can be used to identify one or more “prototypical” stressors that act through this AOP. Prototypical stressors are stressors for which responses at multiple key events have been well documented. More help

Life Stage Applicability

The life stage for which the AOP is known to be applicable. More help

Life stage	Evidence
Old Age	Moderate

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) can be selected.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available. More help

Term	Scientific Term	Evidence	Link
Homo sapiens	Homo sapiens	Moderate	NCBI

Sex Applicability

The sex for which the AOP is known to be applicable. More help

Overall Assessment of the AOP

Addressess the relevant biological domain of applicability (i.e., in terms of taxa, sex, life stage, etc.) and Weight of Evidence (WoE) for the overall AOP as a basis to consider appropriate regulatory application (e.g., priority setting, testing strategies or risk assessment). More help

Domain of Applicability

Addressess the relevant biological domain(s) of applicability in terms of sex, life-stage, taxa, and other aspects of biological context. More help

Essentiality of the Key Events

The essentiality of KEs can only be assessed relative to the impact of manipulation of a given KE (e.g., experimentally blocking or exacerbating the event) on the downstream sequence of KEs defined for the AOP. Consequently, evidence supporting essentiality is assembled on the AOP page, rather than on the independent KE pages that are meant to stand-alone as modular units without reference to other KEs in the sequence. The nature of experimental evidence that is relevant to assessing essentiality relates to the impact on downstream KEs and the AO if upstream KEs are prevented or modified. This includes: Direct evidence: directly measured experimental support that blocking or preventing a KE prevents or impacts downstream KEs in the pathway in the expected fashion. Indirect evidence: evidence that modulation or attenuation in the magnitude of impact on a specific KE (increased effect or decreased effect) is associated with corresponding changes (increases or decreases) in the magnitude or frequency of one or more downstream KEs. More help

Evidence Assessment

Addressess the biological plausibility, empirical support, and quantitative understanding from each KER in an AOP. More help

Known Modulating Factors

Modulating factors (MFs) may alter the shape of the response-response function that describes the quantitative relationship between two KES, thus having an impact on the progression of the pathway or the severity of the AO.The evidence supporting the influence of various modulating factors is assembled within the individual KERs. More help

Modulating Factor (MF)	Influence or Outcome	KER(s) involved

Quantitative Understanding

Optional field to provide quantitative weight of evidence descriptors. More help

Considerations for Potential Applications of the AOP (optional)

Addressess potential applications of an AOP to support regulatory decision-making.This may include, for example, possible utility for test guideline development or refinement, development of integrated testing and assessment approaches, development of (Q)SARs / or chemical profilers to facilitate the grouping of chemicals for subsequent read-across, screening level hazard assessments or even risk assessment. More help

References

List of the literature that was cited for this AOP. More help

•Hyatt, G. A., & Dowling, J. E. (1997). Retinoic acid. A key molecule for eye and photoreceptor development. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 38(8), 1471-1475.

•Marsh-Armstrong, N., McCaffery, P., Gilbert, W., Dowling, J. E., & Dräger, U. C. (1994). Retinoic acid is necessary for development of the ventral retina in zebrafish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91(15), 7286-7290.

•Luo, T., Sakai, Y., Wagner, E., & Dräger, U. C. (2006). Retinoids, eye development, and maturation of visual function. Journal of neurobiology, 66(7), 677-686.

•Hyatt, G. A., Schmitt, E. A., Marsh-Armstrong, N., McCaffery, P., Drager, U. C., & Dowling, J. E. (1996). Retinoic acid establishes ventral retinal characteristics. Development, 122(1), 195-204.

•Kam, R. K. T., Deng, Y., Chen, Y., & Zhao, H. (2012). Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development. Cell & bioscience, 2(1), 11.

•Matt, N., Dupé, V., Garnier, J. M., Dennefeld, C., Chambon, P., Mark, M., & Ghyselinck, N. B. (2005). Retinoic acid-dependent eye morphogenesis is orchestrated by neural crest cells. Development, 132(21), 4789-4800.

•Duester, G. (2009). Keeping an eye on retinoic acid signaling during eye development. Chemico-biological interactions, 178(1-3), 178-181.

•Le, H. G. T., Dowling, J. E., & Cameron, D. J. (2012). Early retinoic acid deprivation in developing zebrafish results in microphthalmia. Visual neuroscience, 29(4-5), 219-228.