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Event: 1504

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

p21 (CDKN1A) expression, increase

Short name
The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. More help
p21 (CDKN1A) expression, increase
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Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help
Level of Biological Organization
Cellular

Cell term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Cell term
cell

Organ term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Organ term
organ

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling).  The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor).  Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description.  To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons.  If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests.  Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Process Object Action
positive regulation of gene expression cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor increased

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens High NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help
Life stage Evidence
Not Otherwise Specified Moderate

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help
Term Evidence
Unspecific High

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

p21 (CDKN1A; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A) binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 or cyclin-dependent kinase 4 complexes, and regulates cell cycle progression in G1 phase. p21 is important for cell cycle regulation.

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

The p21 mRNA is measured with real-time RT-PCR technique using primers for p21 [Dayan, 2014]. Gene expression of p21 is measured with microarray technique using gene chips after cDNA preparation from total RNA extracted from the samples [Glaser, 2003, Hoshino, 2007]. Protein level of p21 is measured with Western blot analysis using anti-p21 antibody [Parajuli, 2014, Glaser, 2003].

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided).  More help

The p21 up-regulation by HDIs is well conserved between species from lower organism to mammals.

・FK228, a HDAC inhibitor, up-regulated p21 level in human esophageal cancer TE2 cells (Homo sapiens) [Hoshino, 2007].

・MAA, a HDAC inhibitor, induced p21 up-regulation in human prostate cancer cell lines (Homo sapiens) [Parajuli, 2014].

・MAA increases p21 expression in human bladder carcinoma cells, T24 (Homo sapiens) [Glaser, 2003].

・MAA up-regulated p21 expression in limbs of CD1 embryonic mice (Mus musculus) [Dayan, 2014].

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help

Dayan C and Hales BF. (2014) Effects of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and its metabolite, 2-methoxyacetic acid, on organogenesis stage mouse limbs in vitro. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 101:254-261

Glaser KB et al. (2003) Gene expression profiling of multiple histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors: defining a common gene set produced by HDAC inhibition in T24 and MDA carcinoma cell lines. Mol Cancer Ther 2:151-163

Hoshino I et al. (2007) Gene expression profiling induced by histone deacetylase inhibitor, FK228, in human esophageal squamous cancer cells. Oncol Rep 18:585-592

Parajuli KR et al. (2014) Methoxyacetic acid suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis. Am J Clin Exp Urol 2:300-313