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Event: 1932
Key Event Title
Gastrointestinal disorders
Short name
Biological Context
Level of Biological Organization |
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Individual |
Key Event Components
Key Event Overview
AOPs Including This Key Event
Taxonomic Applicability
Life Stages
Sex Applicability
Key Event Description
Gastrointestinal disorders reflect an altered state of the intestinal homeostasis evidenced by diarrhea, and/or vomiting and/or nausea and/or abdominal pain.
Diarrhea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual) (WHO definition).
There are three clinical types of diarrhea:
- acute watery diarrhea – lasts several hours or days;
- acute bloody diarrhea – also called dysentery;
- persistent diarrhea – lasts 14 days or longer.
Vomiting is clinically defined as the oral eviction of gastrointestinal contents, due to contractions of the gut and the muscles of the thoracoabdominal wall. Vomiting is a somatic motor event.
Nausea is a spontaneous sensation of the need to vomit. But the definition is poor.
How It Is Measured or Detected
Indicators of gastrointestinal disorders are evidenced by diarrhea and/or vomiting and/or nausea.
Diarrhea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual) (WHO definition).
Domain of Applicability
References
Effenberger. (2020). Faecal calprotectin indicates intestinal inflammation in COVID-19. 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Hayashi, Y., Wagatsuma, K., Nojima, M., Yamakawa, T., Ichimiya, T., Yokoyama, Y., … Nakase, H. (2021). The characteristics of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Gastroenterology, 56(5), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-021-01778-z
Jin, X., Lian, J. S., Hu, J. H., Gao, J., Zheng, L., Zhang, Y. M., … Yang, Y. (2020). Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut, 69(6), 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320926
Nobel, Y. R., Phipps, M., Zucker, J., Lebwohl, B., Wang, T. C., Sobieszczyk, M. E., & Freedberg, D. E. (2020). Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Case-Control Study From the United States. Gastroenterology, 159(1), 373-375.e2. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.017
Redd, W. D., Zhou, J. C., Hathorn, K. E., McCarty, T. R., Bazarbashi, A. N., Thompson, C. C., … Chan, W. W. (2020). Prevalence and Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in the United States: A Multicenter Cohort Study. Gastroenterology, 159(2), 765-767.e2. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.045
Zhong, P., Xu, J., Yang, D., Shen, Y., Wang, L., Feng, Y., … Sun, Y. (2020). COVID-19-associated gastrointestinal and liver injury: clinical features and potential mechanisms. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00373-7