API

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Event: 2193

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

Influenza A Virus (IAV) budding

Short name
The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. More help
IAV budding
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Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help
Level of Biological Organization
Cellular

Cell term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Cell term
epithelial cell

Organ term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Organ term
respiratory tract

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling).  The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor).  Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description.  To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons.  If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests.  Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Process Object Action
viral budding from plasma membrane occurrence

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help
AOP Name Role of event in AOP Point of Contact Author Status OECD Status
IAV infection proliferation KeyEvent Jessica Resnick (send email) Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

IAV buds from lipid “rafts” present on the apical membrane (2). Once all the viral components have localized to the site of budding, curvature of the membrane is induced using a combination of molecular crowding and bending proteins. NA and HA proteins are sufficient to induce budding, and the M1 protein contributes to shape and size uniformity of the resulting virions (1,3,4,5,6,7). The M2 protein has also been shown to contribute to membrane bending and scission (8). After budding, release is mediated by the sialidase property of NA. The NA protein catalyzes the hydrolysis of all sialic acid attachments made by the HA protein allowing for the virus to be released from the cell membrane (1,9,10).

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

 

Technique

Conclusions/ uses

Example Reference

Virus- like particles

Measure specific contributions of proteins to the viral life cycle
  1. Chen BJ, Leser GP, Morita E, Lamb RA. Influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, but not the matrix protein, are required for assembly and budding of plasmid-derived virus-like particles. J Virol (2007) 81:7111–23. 10.1128/JVI.00361-07
  2. Lai JC, Chan WW, Kien F, Nicholls JM, Peiris JS, Garcia JM. Formation of virus-like particles from human cell lines exclusively expressing influenza neuraminidase. J Gen Virol (2010) 91:2322–30. 10.1099/vir.0.019935-0

Electron microscopy

Visualize budding

Chlanda P, Schraidt O, Kummer S, Riches J, Oberwinkler H, Prinz S, et al. Structural analysis of the roles of influenza A virus membrane-associated proteins in assembly and morphology. J Virol (2015) 89:8957–66. 10.1128/JVI.00592-15

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided).  More help

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help
  1. Dou, D., Revol, R., Ostbye, H., Wang, H., and Daniels, R., Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement. Front. Immunol.  20 July 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01581
  2. Lingwood D, Simons K. Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science (2010) 327:46–50. 10.1126/science.1174621
  3. Chen BJ, Leser GP, Morita E, Lamb RA. Influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, but not the matrix protein, are required for assembly and budding of plasmid-derived virus-like particles. J Virol (2007) 81:7111–23. 10.1128/JVI.00361-07
  4. Lai JC, Chan WW, Kien F, Nicholls JM, Peiris JS, Garcia JM. Formation of virus-like particles from human cell lines exclusively expressing influenza neuraminidase. J Gen Virol (2010) 91:2322–30. 10.1099/vir.0.019935-0
  5. Yondola MA, Fernandes F, Belicha-Villanueva A, Uccelini M, Gao Q, Carter C, et al. Budding capability of the influenza virus neuraminidase can be modulated by tetherin. J Virol (2011) 85:2480–91. 10.1128/JVI.02188-10
  6. Chlanda P, Schraidt O, Kummer S, Riches J, Oberwinkler H, Prinz S, et al. Structural analysis of the roles of influenza A virus membrane-associated proteins in assembly and morphology. J Virol (2015) 89:8957–66. 10.1128/JVI.00592-15
  7. Elleman CJ, Barclay WS. The M1 matrix protein controls the filamentous phenotype of influenza A virus. Virology (2004) 321:144–53. 10.1016/j.virol.2003.12.009
  8. Rossman JS, Lamb RA. Viral membrane scission. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol (2013) 29:551–69. 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155838
  9. Webster RG, Laver WG. Preparation and properties of antibody directed specifically against the neuraminidase of influenza virus. J Immunol(1967) 99:49–55.
  10. Palese P, Compans RW. Inhibition of influenza virus replication in tissue culture by 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-trifluoroacetylneuraminic acid (FANA): mechanism of action. J Gen Virol (1976) 33:159–63. 10.1099/0022-1317-33-1-159