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Event: 2237
Key Event Title
Decreased, Plasma sodium concentrations
Short name
Biological Context
Level of Biological Organization |
---|
Tissue |
Organ term
Key Event Components
Process | Object | Action |
---|---|---|
decreased circulating sodium level | blood plasma | decreased |
Key Event Overview
AOPs Including This Key Event
AOP Name | Role of event in AOP | Point of Contact | Author Status | OECD Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Decreased Na/K ATPase activity leads to Heart failure | KeyEvent | John Frisch (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite |
Taxonomic Applicability
Term | Scientific Term | Evidence | Link |
---|---|---|---|
Animals | Metazoa | High | NCBI |
Life Stages
Life stage | Evidence |
---|---|
All life stages | High |
Sex Applicability
Term | Evidence |
---|---|
Unspecific | High |
Key Event Description
Plasma sodium concentrations represent the net balance of sodium intake and excretion from the body, as well as from influx and sodium efflux between the plasma and surrounding tissue. There is an established relationship between fluid volume and ion concentration because without regulation water molecules move from high water concentration (low solute concentration) to low water concentration (high solute concentration) via osmosis. Therefore, regulation of body fluid and ions depends on the surrounding environment, with terrestrial animals equipped to retain water and sodium ions because of the threat of desiccation, freshwater animals hypertonic (higher ion concentration) than the aquatic environment and needing to retain sodium while excreting excess water, and saltwater animals hypotonic (lower ion concentration) than the aquatic environment and needing to retain water and excrete excess sodium (Takei 2000). Sodium uptake across membranes can occur via passive or active transport (Neverisky and Abbott 2015). In facilitated diffusion, sodium molecules move from high concentration to low concentration across a membrane pore. Active transport uses cellular energy (ex. adenosine triphosphate) to move sodium across membranes against its electrochemical gradient (ex. sodium-potassium pump). Decreased plasma sodium concentrations are caused by decreasing sodium intake, increased sodium excretion, or increased fluid volume.
How It Is Measured or Detected
Sodium concentrations in plasma can be measured via ion chromatography, spectrophotometry, or enzyme assays (Buzanovskii 2016).
Domain of Applicability
Life Stage: Applies to all life stages; not specific to any life stage.
Sex: Applies to both males and females; not sex-specific.
Taxonomic: Present broadly in animals that have plasma as sodium is an essential nutrient and key determinant of osmolality.
References
Buzanovskii, V.A. 2016. Ion chromatography, spectrophotometry, titrimetry, and gravimetry measurements of sodium concentration in the blood. Measurement Techniques 59(6): 678-683.
Neverisky, D.L. and Abbott, G.W. 2015. Ion channel-transporter interactions. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 51(4): 257–267.
Takei, Y. 2000. Comparative physiology of body fluid regulation in vertebrates with special reference to thirst regulation. Japanese Journal of Physiology 50: 171-186.
NOTE: Italics indicate edits from John Frisch September 2024