API

This Event is licensed under the Creative Commons BY-SA license. This license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms.

Event: 54

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

Up Regulation, CD36

Short name
The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. More help
Up Regulation, CD36
Explore in a Third Party Tool

Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help
Level of Biological Organization
Molecular

Cell term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Cell term
hepatocyte

Organ term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling).  The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor).  Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description.  To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons.  If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests.  Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Process Object Action
gene expression platelet glycoprotein 4 increased

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help
AOP Name Role of event in AOP Point of Contact Author Status OECD Status
LXR Activation to Liver Steatosis KeyEvent Undefined (send email) Not under active development
NR1I3 suppression to steatosis KeyEvent Michelle Angrish (send email) Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome
AhR activation to steatosis KeyEvent Michelle Angrish (send email) Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome
PXR activation to steatosis KeyEvent Michelle Angrish (send email) Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome
PXR activation leads to liver steatosis KeyEvent John Frisch (send email) Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
Vertebrates Vertebrates High NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help
Life stage Evidence
Adult High
Juvenile Moderate

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help
Term Evidence
Unspecific High

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

Fatty acid translocase CD36 (FAT/CD36) is a scavenger protein mediating uptake and intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids (FA) in diverse cell types [1], [2]. In addition, CD36 can bind a variety of molecules including acetylated low density lipoproteins (LDL), collagen and phospholipids [3]. CD36 has been shown to be expressed in liver tissue [4], [5]. It is located in lipid rafts and non-raft domains of the cellular plasma membrane and most likely facilitates LCFA transport by accumulating LCFA on the outer surface [6], [7], [8].

FAT/CD36 gene is a liver specific target of LXR activation [9]. Studies have confirmed that the lipogenic effect of LXR and activation of FAT/CD36 was not a simple association, since the effect of LXR agonists on increasing hepatic and circulating levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFAs) was largely abolished in FAT/CD36 knockout mice suggesting that intact expression and/or activation of FAT/CD36 is required for the steatotic effect of LXR agonists [10], [11]. In addition to the well-defined pathogenic role of FAT/CD36 in hepatic steatosis in rodents the human up-regulation of the FAT/CD36 in NASH patients is confirmed [12]. There are now findings that can accelerate the translation of FAT/CD36 metabolic functions determined in rodents to humans [13] and suggest that the translocation of this fatty acid transporter to the plasma membrane of hepatocytes may contribute to liver fat accumulation in patients with NAFLD and HCV [14]. In addition, hepatic FAT/CD36 up-regulation is significantly associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and increased steatosis in patients with NASH and HCV G1 (Hepatitis C Virus Genotype1) with fatty liver. Recent data show that CD36 is also increased in the liver of morbidly obese patients and correlated to free FA levels [15].

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

CD36 is measured by changes in gene expression and protein levels. 

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided).  More help

Life Stage: Older individuals are more likely to manifest this key event (adults > juveniles) due to increased opportunity to upregulate gene expression.

Sex: Applies to both males and females.

Taxonomic: Appears to be present broadly in vertebrates, with most representative studies in mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats).

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help
  1. ↑ Su & Abumrad 2009 - Su X., Abumrad N.A., Cellular fatty acid uptake: a pathway under construction. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 20 (No 2), 72-77, 2009
  2. ↑ He et al. 2011 - He J. et al, The emerging roles of fatty acid translocase/CD36 and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in fatty liver disease, Exp. Med. And Biology, 236, 1116-1121, 2011
  3. ↑ Krammer 2011 - Krammer J. et al, Overexpression of CD36 and Acyl-CoA Synthetases FATP2, FATP4 and ACSL1 Increases Fatty Acid Uptake in Human Hepatoma Cells, Int. J. Med. Sci., 8(7), 599-614, 2011
  4. ↑ Pohl et al. 2005 - Pohl J., et al, FAT/CD36-mediated long-chain fatty acid uptake in adipocytes requires plasma membrane rafts, Mol. Biol. Cell., 16 (No 1), 24-31, 2005
  5. ↑ Cheung et al. 2007 - Cheung L., et al, Hormonal and nutritional regulation of alternative CD36 transcripts in rat liver--a role for growth hormone in alternative exon usage, BMC Mol. Biol., 8, 60, 2007
  6. ↑ Ehehalt et al. 2008 - Ehehalt R., et al, Uptake of long chain fatty acids is regulated by dynamic interaction of FAT/CD36 with cholesterol/sphingolipid enriched microdomains (lipid rafts). BMC Cell. Biol., 9, 45, 2008
  7. ↑ Pohl et al. 2005 - Pohl J., et al, FAT/CD36-mediated long-chain fatty acid uptake in adipocytes requires plasma membrane rafts, Mol. Biol. Cell., 16 (No 1), 24-31, 2005
  8. ↑ Krammer 2011 - Krammer J. et al, Overexpression of CD36 and Acyl-CoA Synthetases FATP2, FATP4 and ACSL1 Increases Fatty Acid Uptake in Human Hepatoma Cells, Int. J. Med. Sci., 8(7), 599-614, 2011
  9. ↑ Zhou 2008 - Zhou J., Hepatic fatty acid transporter Cd36 is a common target of LXR, PXR, and PPAR gamma in promoting steatosis, Gastroenterology, 134 (No 2),556-567, 2008
  10. ↑ Febbraio et al. 1999 - Febbraio M., et al, A null mutation in murine CD36 reveals an important role in fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism, J Biol Chem, 274, 19055–19062, 1999
  11. ↑ Lee et al. 2008 - Lee J.H., et al, PRX and LXR in hepatic Steatosis: a new dog and an old dog with new tricks, Mol. Pharm., 5(No 1),60-66, 2008
  12. ↑ Zhu et al. 2011 - Zhu L., et al, Lipid in the livers of adolescents with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: combined effects of pathways on steatosis, Metabolism Clinical and experimental, 30, 1001-1011, 2011
  13. ↑ Love-Gregory et al. 2011 - Love-Gregory L., Abumrad N.A., CD36 genetics and the metabolic complications of obesity, Current Opinions in Clinical Nutition and Metabolic Care, 14 (No 6), 527-534, 2011
  14. ↑ Miquilena-Colina et al. 2011 - Miquilena-Colina M.E., et al, Hepatic fatty acid translocase CD36 upregulation is associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and increased steatosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic hepatitis C, Gut., 60 (No 10), 1394-1402 , 2011
  15. ↑ Bechmann et al. 2010 - Bechmann L.P., et al, Apoptosis is associated with CD36/fatty acid translocase upregulation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Liver Int., 30 (No 6), 850-859, 2010  

NOTE: Italics symbolize edits from John Frisch