This Event is licensed under the Creative Commons BY-SA license. This license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms.

Event: 945

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

reduced dimerization, ARNT/HIF1-alpha

Short name
The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. More help
reduced dimerization, ARNT/HIF1-alpha
Explore in a Third Party Tool

Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help
Level of Biological Organization
Molecular

Cell term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Organ term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling).  The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor).  Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description.  To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons.  If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests.  Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Process Object Action
protein dimerization activity hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha decreased
protein dimerization activity aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator decreased

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help
AOP Name Role of event in AOP Point of Contact Author Status OECD Status
AHR activation to ELS mortality, via VEGF KeyEvent Amani Farhat (send email) Open for citation & comment WPHA/WNT Endorsed
AhR activation leading to preeclampsia KeyEvent Sabrina Tait (send email) Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Under Development

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
chicken Gallus gallus High NCBI
mouse Mus musculus High NCBI
rat Rattus norvegicus High NCBI
zebrafish Danio rerio High NCBI
Zoarces viviparus Zoarces viviparus High NCBI
Carassius carassius Carassius carassius High NCBI
human Homo sapiens High NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help
Life stage Evidence
Embryo High
Development High

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help
Term Evidence
Unspecific High

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT; a.k.a HIF-1ß) serves as a dimerization partner for hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), and this complex is involved in mediating physiological responses to hypoxia. HIF-1α abundance is negatively regulated by a subfamily of dioxygenases referred to as prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins, which use oxygen as a substrate to hydroxylate HIF-1α subunits and hence tag them for rapid degradation. Under conditions of hypoxia, HIF-1α subunits accumulate due to reduced hydroxylation efficiency and form heterodimers (HIF-1) with ARNT.  Dimerization between ARNT and HIF-1α forms a transcription factor complex (HIF-1) that binds to hypoxia response enhancer sequences on DNA to activate the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, cell survival, and erythropoietin synthesis, among others[8-11].

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

Methods that have been previously reviewed and approved by a recognized authority should be included in the Overview section above. All other methods, including those well established in the published literature, should be described here. Consider the following criteria when describing each method: 1. Is the assay fit for purpose? 2. Is the assay directly or indirectly (i.e. a surrogate) related to a key event relevant to the final adverse effect in question? 3. Is the assay repeatable? 4. Is the assay reproducible?

The active HIF1- α complexed with ARNT can be measured using protein-DNA interaction assays. Two methods are described in detail by Perez-Romero and Imperiale (Perez-Romero and Imperiale 2007). Chromatin immunoprecipitation measures the interaction of proteins with specific genomic regions in vivo. It involves the treatment of cells with formaldehyde to crosslink neighboring protein-protein and protein-DNA molecules. Nuclear fractions are isolated, the genomic DNA is sheared, and nuclear lysates are used in immunoprecipitations with an antibody against the protein of interest. After reversal of the crosslinking, the associated DNA fragments are sequenced. Enrichment of specific DNA sequences represents regions on the genome that the protein of interest is associated with in vivo. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) provides a rapid method to study DNA-binding protein interactions in vitro. This relies on the fact that complexes of protein and DNA migrate through a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel more slowly than free DNA fragments.

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided).  More help

ARNT/HIF1-alpha dimerization and downstream gene regulation has been studies in chickens[8], mice[12], rats[13], fish[14-16] and in human cell lines[17].

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help

1. Forsythe, J. A., Jiang, B. H., Iyer, N. V., Agani, F., Leung, S. W., Koos, R. D., and Semenza, G. L. (1996). Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Mol. Cell Biol. 16(9), 4604-4613.

2. Goldberg, M. A., and Schneider, T. J. (1994). Similarities between the oxygen-sensing mechanisms regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin. J. Biol. Chem. 269(6), 4355-4359.

3. Heid, S. E., Walker, M. K., and Swanson, H. I. (2001). Correlation of cardiotoxicity mediated by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons to aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. Toxicol. Sci 61(1), 187-196.

4. Jiang, B. H., Rue, E., Wang, G. L., Roe, R., and Semenza, G. L. (1996). Dimerization, DNA binding, and transactivation properties of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. 271(30), 17771-17778.

5. Maxwell, P. H., Dachs, G. U., Gleadle, J. M., Nicholls, L. G., Harris, A. L., Stratford, I. J., Hankinson, O., Pugh, C. W., and Ratcliffe, P. J. (1997). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 modulates gene expression in solid tumors and influences both angiogenesis and tumor growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U. S. A 94(15), 8104-8109.

6. Shweiki, D., Itin, A., Soffer, D., and Keshet, E. (1992). Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359(6398), 843-845.

7. Walker, M. K., Pollenz, R. S., and Smith, S. M. (1997). Expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and AhR nuclear translocator during chick cardiogenesis is consistent with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced heart defects. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 143(2), 407-419.

8. Wikenheiser, J., Wolfram, J. A., Gargesha, M., Yang, K., Karunamuni, G., Wilson, D. L., Semenza, G. L., Agani, F., Fisher, S. A., Ward, N., and Watanabe, M. (2009). Altered hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha expression levels correlate with coronary vessel anomalies. Dev. Dyn. 238(10), 2688-2700.

9. Livingston DM, Shivdasani R. (2001). Toward mechanism-based cancer care. JAMA 285:588–593.

10. Semenza GL. (2003). Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 3: 721–732.

11. Dery M-A C, Michaud MD, Richard DE. (2005). Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: regulation by hypoxic and non-hypoxic activators. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37: 535–540.

12. Jain S, Maltepe E, Lu MM, Simon C, and Bradfield CA (1998) Expression of ARNT, ARNT2, HIF1 alpha, HIF2 alpha and Ah receptor mRNAs in the developing mouse. Mech Dev 73:117–123.

13. Tipoe, G. L., and Fung, M. L. (2003). Expression of HIF-1alpha, VEGF and VEGF receptors in the carotid body of chronically hypoxic rat. Respir. Physiol Neurobiol. 138(2-3), 143-154.

14. Heise, K., Estevez, M.S., Puntarulo, S., Galleano, M., Nikinmaa, M., Portner, H.O., and Abele, D. (2007) Effects of seasonal and latitudinal cold on oxidative stress parameters and activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) in zoarcid fish. Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. 177: 765-77

15. Rissanen, E., Tranberg, H.K., Sollid, J., Nilsson, G.E., and Nikinmaa, M. (2006) Temperature regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in a poikilothermic vertebrate, crucian carp (Carassius carassius) J. Exp. Biol. 209 (6): 994-1003

16. Greenald, D., Jeyakani, J., Pelster, B., Sealy, I., Mathavan, S., and van Eeden, F.J. (2015) Genome-wide mapping of Hif-1 alpha binding sites in zebrafish. BMC Genomics. 16: 923

17. M.A. Schults; L. Timmermans; R.W. Godschalk; J. Theys; B.G. Wouters; F.J. van Schooten and R.K. Chiu (2010) Diminished Carcinogen Detoxification Is a Novel Mechanism for Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1-mediated Genetic Instability. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 285:14558-14564. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.076323.