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Event: 1556

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

Increase, lung cancer

Short name

The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. More help

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Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help

Level of Biological Organization
Organ

Organ term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place. For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable. For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable. Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling). The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor). Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description. To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons. If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests. Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add. Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help

AOP Name	Role of event in AOP	Point of Contact	Author Status	OECD Status
Deposition of energy leading to lung cancer	AdverseOutcome	Vinita Chauhan (send email)	Open for citation & comment	WPHA/WNT Endorsed

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help

Term	Scientific Term	Evidence	Link
human	Homo sapiens	High	NCBI
rat	Rattus norvegicus	High	NCBI
mouse	Mus musculus	High	NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help

Life stage	Evidence
All life stages	High

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help

Term	Evidence
Unspecific	High

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

Abnormally high levels of cell proliferation in the lungs may eventually culminate in the formation of malignant tumours and thus lung cancer. The term lung cancer refers to all malignant neoplasms arising from the bronchial, bronchiolar, and alveolar epithelium (Keshamouni et al., 2009). The cellular origin(s) of lung cancer remains largely unknown. It has been speculated that different tumour histopathological subtypes arise from distinct cells of origin localized in defined microenvironments. Histological characteristics of lung cancers, as defined by light microscopy, have led to the categorization of lung cancers into four main subtypes: small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma (Beasly et al., 2005). These histological subtypes are grouped under one of the two umbrella terms used to describe lung cancers: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The term SCLC refers to small cell carcinoma. The term NSCLC, which represents approximately 85% of all lung cancers (Molina et al., 2008), encompasses squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. These three tumour types are grouped together due to similarities in their prognosis and management (Keshamouni et al., 2009); patients with NSCLC often have poor prognoses and low 5-year survival rates due to the high metastatic potential of the tumours (Spira and Ettinger, 2004; Herbst et al., 2008). Some of the most common sites for lung cancer metastasis are the other lobe of the lungs, skeleton, adrenal glands, liver, and brain (Simon et al., 2015).

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

Assay Name	Reference	Description	OECD Approved Assay
Computed Tomography (CT) Scans: CT, High-Resolution CT (HRCT), and Positron Emission Tomography-CT (PET-CT)	Bach et al., 2012; Ollier et al., 2014	CT scans are described as a 3D X-ray; They provide cross-sections of organs/tissues/bones, and can thus be used to detect tumours	N/A
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	Khalil et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2011	This technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves (NOT ionizing radiation) to generate a picture of organs, and can thus be used to detect tumours	N/A
Sputum Analysis	Hubers et al., 2013	Sputum is collected and analyzed for a variety of markers, including mutations in KRAS and TP53, specific RNA/protein biomarkers, and chromosomal aberrations	N/A
Bronchoscopy: Conventional White Light Bronchoscopy, Autofluorescence Bronchoscopy (AFB), and Endobronchial Ultrasonography (EBUS)	Ikeda et al., 2007	Bronchoscope (usually with a camera) is passed down through the throat to the lungs to provide a visual of the respiratory tract; Traditionally, visualization has been performed using conventional white light, but new technologies have also allowed for visualization using fluorescence and ultrasound technologies	N/A
Transbronchial Needle Aspiration	Navani et al., 2015; Aziz, 2012	A needle is used to aspirate a tissue sample from a lesion of suspected lung cancer for analysis	N/A
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Breath	Zhou et al., 2017	Volatile organic compounds, which may act as lung cancer biomarkers, are collected from the breath and quantified (mostly using mass spectrometry)	N/A
Cell Transformation Assays	Redpath et al., 1987	Measurement of the tumourigenicity of a tumour/biopsy sample by analyzing changes in cell physiology and morphology in response to tumour-inducing radiation or chemicals	Yes (No. 231)
Rodent Two-Year Cancer Bioassays (Carcinogenicity Studies)	Matsumo, 2012; Nambiar, 2014; Maronpot, 2015	Animals are exposed to a possible carcinogen for a long period of time (often two years), allowing for long-term cancer-related studies	Yes (No. 451)
Window Chamber Models	Moeller, 2004; Schafer, 2014; Chen, 2016	Window chambers are implanted into the animal to observe tumour progression in living animals using imaging techniques such as in vivo microscopy, MRI or nuclear imaging	N/A
Xenograft Assays	Wang, 2018; Shi, 2017; Jin, 2018; Wang, 2017; Zhou, 2012	Tumour cells (usually human) are grown in vitro and injected into animals to induce tumour growth and/or to test the tumourigenicity of the injected cells	N/A

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided). More help

Lung cancer and subsequent metastasis occurs in multicellular eukaryotic vertebrate organisms that have lungs.

Regulatory Significance of the Adverse Outcome

An AO is a specialised KE that represents the end (an adverse outcome of regulatory significance) of an AOP. More help

At present the AOP framework is not readily used to support regulatory decision-making in radiation protection practices.The goal of developing this AOP is to bring attention to the framework as an effective means to organize knowledge and identify gaps associated with the mechanistic understanding of low dose radiation exposures. We have used lung cancer as the case example due to its relevance to both radiation and chemical risk assessment. This AOP will help build the concept of an “all hazards” approach to risk assessment, as it will be the first with a molecular initiating event that is specific to a radiation insult. This in turn could serve to identify networks that are critical to both radiation and chemical exposure scenarios and contribute to prioritizing co-exposures of relevance to risk assessment. By developing this AOP, we will support the necessary efforts highlighted by the international and national radiation protection agencies such as, the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, International Commission of Radiological Protection, International Dose Effect Alliance and the Electric Power Research Institute Radiation Program to consolidate and enhance the knowledge in understanding the mechanisms of low dose radiation exposures from the cellular to organelle levels within the system.

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help

Aziz, F. (2012), “Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for staging of lung cancer: a concise review”, Transl Lung Cancer Res, 1(3), 208-213. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2012.09.08.

Bach, P. B. et al. (2012), “Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review”, JAMA, 307(22), 2418-2429. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5521

Beasley, M. B., Brambilla, E., & Travis, W. D. (2005), “The 2004 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors”, Seminars in Roentgenology, 40(2), 90-97. doi:10.1053/j.ro.2005.01.001

Chen Y, Maeda A, Bu J, DaCosta R. (2016), “Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow”, J Vis Exp. (113). doi: 10.3791/54205.

Herbst, R. S., Heymach, J. V., & Lippman, S. M. (2008), “Lung cancer”, N Engl J Med. 359, 1367– 80.

Hubers, A. J. et al. (2013), “Molecular sputum analysis for the diagnosis of lung cancer”, Br J Cancer. 109(3), 530-537. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.393

Ikeda, N. et al. (2007), “Comprehensive diagnostic bronchoscopy of central type early stage lung cancer”, Lung Cancer, 56(3), 295-302. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.01.009

Jin, Y. et al. (2018), “Simvastatin inhibits the development of radioresistant esophageal cancer cells by increasing the radiosensitivity and reversing EMT process via the PTEN-PI3K/AKT pathway”, Exp Cell Res.362(2):362-369. Doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.11.037.

Keshamouni, V., Arenberg, D., & Kalemkerian, G. (2009), “Lung Cancer Metastasis: Novel Biological Mechanisms and Impact on Clinical Practice”, Springer Science + Business Media. Doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0772-1.

Khalil, A.et al. (2016), “Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging in lung cancer imaging”, Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, 97(10), 991-1002. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2016.08.015

Maronpot RR, Thoolen RJ, Hansen B. (2015), “Two-year carcinogenicity study of acrylamide in Wistar Han rats with in utero exposure”,Exp Toxicol Pathol. 67(2):189-95. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.11.009.

Matsumoto, M. et al. (2012), “Carcinogenicity of ortho-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in rats and mice by two-year drinking water treatment”, Arch Toxicol. 86(5):791-804. doi: 10.1007/s00204-012-0800-z.

Moeller, BJ. et al.(2004), “Radiation activates HIF-1 to regulate vascular radiosensitivity in tumors: role of reoxygenation, free radicals, and stress granules”, Cancer Cell. 5(5):429-41.

Molina JR. et al. (2008), “Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship”, Mayo Clin Proc. 83(5):584-94. doi: 10.4065/83.5.584.

Nambiar PR. et al. (2015), “Two-year carcinogenicity study in rats with a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor”, Toxicol Pathol. 43(3):354-65. doi: 10.1177/0192623314544381.

Navani, N. et al. (2015), “Lung cancer diagnosis and staging with endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration compared with conventional approaches: an open-label, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial”, Lancet Respir Med. 3(4), 282-9. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00029-6

Ollier, M. et al. (2014), “Chest CT scan screening for lung cancer in asbestos occupational exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis”, Chest. 145(6), 1339-1346. doi:10.1378/chest.13-2181

Redpath, J. L. et al. (1987), “Neoplastic Transformation of Human Hybrid Cells by y Radiation: A Quantitative Assay”, Radiat.Res. 110, 468-472.

Schafer R, Leung HM, Gmitro AF. (2014), “Multi-modality imaging of a murine mammary window chamber for breast cancer research”, Biotechniques. 57(1):45-50. Doi: 10.2144/000114191.

Sher, T., Dy, G. K., & Adjei, A. A. (2008), “Small cell lung cancer”, MayoClin Proc. 83(3), 335-367. doi: 10.4065/83.3.355

Shi ZM. Et al.(2017), “Downregulation of miR-218 contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis in lung cancer by targeting Slug/ZEB2 signaling”, Oncogene. 36(18):2577-2588. Doi: 0.1038/onc.2016.414.

Simon, G.R., & Brustugun, O.T. (2015), “Metastatic Patterns of Lung Cancer”, Oncolex Oncology Encyclopedia. http://oncolex.org/Lung-cancer/Background/MetastaticPatterns.

Spira, A., & Ettinger, D. S. (2004), “Multidisciplinary management of lung cancer”,Engl J Med. 350(4), 379–92. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra035536

Wang T. et al. (2017), “Role of Nrf2 signaling pathway in the radiation tolerance of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: an in vivo and in vitro study”, Onco Targets Ther. 2017 Mar 23;10:1809-1819.

Wang L. et al. (2018), “K-ras mutation promotes ionizing radiation-induced invasion and migration of lung cancer in part via the Cathepsin L/CUX1 pathway”, Exp Cell Res. 362(2):424-435. Doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.006.

Wu, N. Y. et al. (2011), “Magnetic resonance imaging for lung cancer detection: experience in a population of more than 10,000 healthy individuals”, BMC Cancer, 11, 242. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-242.

Zhou, J. et al. (2012), “Antitumor activity of Endostar combined with radiation against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma in mouse xenograft models”, Oncol Lett. 4(5):976-980. Doi: 10.3892/ol.2012.856.

Zhou, J. et al. (2017), “Review of recent developments in determining volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis”, Anal Chim Acta, 996, 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.021