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Event: 2236
Key Event Title
Decreased, Sodium uptake in gills
Short name
Biological Context
Level of Biological Organization |
---|
Cellular |
Cell term
Organ term
Key Event Components
Process | Object | Action |
---|---|---|
sodium ion import | gill | decreased |
Key Event Overview
AOPs Including This Key Event
AOP Name | Role of event in AOP | Point of Contact | Author Status | OECD Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Decreased Na/K ATPase activity leads to Heart failure | KeyEvent | John Frisch (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite |
Taxonomic Applicability
Term | Scientific Term | Evidence | Link |
---|---|---|---|
fish | fish | High | NCBI |
Life Stages
Life stage | Evidence |
---|---|
Juvenile | High |
Adult | High |
Sex Applicability
Term | Evidence |
---|---|
Unspecific | High |
Key Event Description
Gills are a major organ for uptake of ions from the surrounding water environment through specialized cells known as ionocytes, with ionocytes having an important role in ion balance and osmoregulation (Hwang et al. 2011). Sodium uptake across membranes can occur via passive or active transport (Neverisky and Abbott 2015). In facilitated diffusion, sodium molecules move from high concentration to low concentration across a membrane pore. Active transport uses cellular energy (ex. adenosine triphosphate) to move sodium across membranes against its electrochemical gradient (ex. sodium-potassium pump). Freshwater organisms are hypertonic (higher ion concentration) compared to the aquatic environment, requiring active transport of sodium. Generally decrease in sodium uptake is studied in disruption of active transport, because of decrease in enzyme activity, or direct blocking of the pore or pump mechanism.
How It Is Measured or Detected
Sodium concentrations can be measured via ion chromatography, spectrophotometry, or enzyme assays (Buzanovskii 2016). Flux chambers can be used to measure the rate of sodium uptake into gills based on the change in measured concentrations in the experimental chamber (Pelgrom et al. 1995).
Domain of Applicability
Life Stage: Applies to all life stages with gills (ex. juvenile and adult).
Sex: Applies to both males and females; not sex-specific.
Taxonomic: Present broadly in freshwater fish as sodium is an essential nutrient and key determinant of osmolality.
References
Buzanovskii, V.A. 2016. Ion chromatography, spectrophotometry, titrimetry, and gravimetry measurements of sodium concentration in the blood. Measurement Techniques 59(6): 678-683.
Hwang, P.-P., Lee, T.-H., and Lin, L.-Y. 2011. Ion regulation in fish gills: recent progress in the cellular and molecular mechanisms. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 301: R28–R47.
Neverisky, D.L. and Abbott, G.W. 2015. Ion channel-transporter interactions. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 51(4): 257–267.
Pelgrom, S.M.G.J., Lock, R.A.C., Balm, P.H.M., Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 1995. Integrated physiological response of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, to sublethal copper exposure. Aquatic Toxicology 32: 303-320.
NOTE: Italics indicate edits from John Frisch September 2024