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Event: 252
Key Event Title
Increase, Renal pathology due to VTG deposition
Short name
Biological Context
Level of Biological Organization |
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Organ |
Organ term
Organ term |
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kidney |
Key Event Components
Process | Object | Action |
---|---|---|
Kidney Diseases | increased |
Key Event Overview
AOPs Including This Key Event
AOP Name | Role of event in AOP | Point of Contact | Author Status | OECD Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Estrogen receptor agonism leading to reproductive dysfunction | KeyEvent | Undefined (send email) | Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome | |
ER agonism leads to reduced survival/population growth | KeyEvent | Camille Baettig (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite |
Taxonomic Applicability
Life Stages
Sex Applicability
Key Event Description
Renal pathology deals with the characterization of the kidneys. The kidneys perform a suite of physiological roles that are critical for organismal homeostasis including waste excretion, osmoregulation, and fluid homeostasis (Preuss, 1993). Each kidney is made up of specialized epithelial cells known as nephrons and while nephron numbers can vary greatly between species their overall function remains conserved in vertebrates (Desgrange & Cereghini, 2015). Nephrons act as filtering units that are composed of glomeruli and tubules which are responsible for removing metabolic waste from the bloodstream, regulating fluids, and balancing electrolytes (Wesselman et al., 2023). Organ tissue damage can occur after exposure to toxins, parasites, or be caused by disease. If pathology is measurable this would be an indication of damage or diseased tissue state and a departure from normal/healthy tissue.
How It Is Measured or Detected
Histopathology focuses on the changes in tissues and is a technique used for identifying correlations with biochemical markers. Generally renal pathology is measured after either whole organism or specific tissue of interest is fixed, dehydrated, and then embedded in wax, commonly paraffin wax. Sections are then cut to approximately 3–5 μm in thickness and stained before being examined under a microscope (e.g., Folmar et al., 2001; Mihaich et al., 2012; Zha et al., 2007).
- OECD Test No. 123: Guidance document on the diagnosis of endocrine-related histopathology in fish gonads (OECD 2010).
- OECD Test No. 227: Guidance document on medaka histopathology techniques and evaluation for the medaka extended one-generation reproduction test (OECD 2015)
- Crissman et al. (2004) describes best practice guidelines for toxicologic histopathology.
- Fiedler et al. (2023) have written standardized tissue sampling guidelines for histopathological analyses using rainbow trout.
Domain of Applicability
Taxonomic applicability: All vertebrates with functional kidneys.
Life stage: This KE is applicable to all life stages following the differentiation of the kidney.
Sex: This KE is applicable to both sexes.
References
- Crissman, J. W., Goodman, D. G., Hildebrandt, P. K., Maronpot, R. R., Prater, D. A., Riley, J. H., Seaman, W. J., & Thake, D. C. (2004). Best Practices Guideline: Toxicologic Histopathology. Toxicologic Pathology, 32(1), 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230490268756
- Desgrange, A., & Cereghini, S. (2015). Nephron patterning: lessons from Xenopus, zebrafish, and mouse studies. Cells, 4(3), 483-499.
- Fiedler, S., Schrader, H., Theobalt, N., Hofmann, I., Geiger, T., Arndt, D., Wanke, R., Schwaiger, J., & Blutke, A. (2023). Standardized tissue sampling guidelines for histopathological and molecular analyses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in ecotoxicological studies. PLOS ONE, 18(7), e0288542. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288542
- Folmar, L. C., Gardner, G. R., Schreibman, M. P., Magliulo-Cepriano, L., Mills, L. J., Zaroogian, G., Gutjahr-Gobell, R., Haebler, R., Horowitz, D. B., & Denslow, N. D. (2001). Vitellogenin-induced pathology in male summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus). Aquatic Toxicology, 51(4), 431-441.
- Mihaich, E., Rhodes, J., Wolf, J., van der Hoeven, N., Dietrich, D., Hall, A. T., Caspers, N., Ortego, L., Staples, C., & Dimond, S. (2012). Adult fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, partial life‐cycle reproductive and gonadal histopathology study with bisphenol A. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 31(11), 2525-2535.
- Preuss, H. G. (1993). Basics of renal anatomy and physiology. Clinics in laboratory medicine, 13(1), 1-11.
- Wesselman, H. M., Gatz, A. E., Pfaff, M. R., Arceri, L., & Wingert, R. A. (2023). Estrogen signaling influences nephron segmentation of the zebrafish embryonic kidney. Cells, 12(4), 666.
- Zha, J., Wang, Z., Wang, N., & Ingersoll, C. (2007). Histological alternation and vitellogenin induction in adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) after exposure to ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol. Chemosphere, 66(3), 488-495.