Relationship: 2002
Title
Upstream event
Inhibition of IL-1 binding to IL-1 receptorDownstream event
Inhibition, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB)
Key Event Relationship Overview
AOPs Referencing Relationship
| AOP Name | Adjacency | Weight of Evidence | Quantitative Understanding |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition of IL-1 binding to IL-1 receptor leading to increased susceptibility to infection | adjacent | High | Moderate |
Taxonomic Applicability
| Term | Scientific Term | Evidence | Link | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | Homo sapiens | High | NCBI | |
| Mus musculus | Mus musculus | High | NCBI | |
| Rattus norvegicus | Rattus norvegicus | High | NCBI |
Sex Applicability
| Sex | Evidence |
|---|---|
| Unspecific | High |
Life Stage Applicability
| Term | Evidence |
|---|---|
| All life stages | High |
Key Event Relationship Description
The initial step in IL-1 signal transduction is a ligand-induced conformational change in the first extracellular domain of the IL-1RI that facilitates recruitment of IL-1RacP. Through conserved cytosolic regions called Toll- and IL-1R–like (TIR) domains, the trimeric complex rapidly assembles two intracellular signaling proteins, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) and interleukin-1 receptor–activated protein kinase (IRAK) 4. IL-1, IL-1RI, IL-RAcP, MYD88, and IRAK4 form a stable IL-1–induced first signaling module. The binding of MyD88 triggers a cascade of kinases that produce a strong pro-inflammatory signal leading to activation of NF-κB. reviewed by Brikos et al. (Brikos et al., 2007) and Weber et al. (Weber et al., 2010).
Therefore, the suppression of the binding of IL-1 to IL-1R1 suppresses activation of NF-κB.
Evidence Supporting this KER
Biological Plausibility
IL-1α and IL-1β independently bind the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1), which is ubiquitously expressed. IL-1Ra binds IL-1R but does not initiate IL-1 signal transduction (Dripps et al., 1991). Recombinant IL-1Ra (anakinra) is fully active in blocking the IL-1R1, and therefore, the biological activities of IL-1α and IL-1β. The binding of IL-1α and IL-1β to IL-1R1 can be suppressed by soluble IL-R like rilonacept. The binding of IL-1β to IL-1R1 can also be inhibited by anti-IL-1β antibody (anti-IL-1β antibody). Therefore, the inhibition of IL-1 binding to IL-1R1 cannot activate NF-κB.
Empirical Evidence
IL-1Ra blocks IL-1 signaling:
IL-1Ra down-modulates EGF receptor (3 nM of ED50) by IL-1 stimulation (Dripps et al., 1991)
IL-1Ra suppresses IL-1-induced endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion (approximately 10 ng/ml of ED50) (Dripps et al., 1991)
IL-1Ra suppresses rhIL-1a-induced mouse thymocytes proliferation (ED50 almost 3 mg/mL) (Arend et al., 1990)
IL-1Ra competed for binding of 125I-IL-1a to type I IL-1R present on EL4 thymoma cells, 3T3 fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing recombinant mouse type I IL-1R. The IC50 values for IL-1ra binding (ranging from 2 to 4 ng/ml) were similar to those of IL-1a. (McIntyre et al., 1991)
Recombinant mIL-1Ra competitively inhibited 125I-labeled IL-1 alpha binding to murine type I IL-1R present on EL4 6.1 cells (Ki value of 0.21 nM) and antagonized IL-1-stimulated co-mitogenesis in murine thymocytes (0.7 x 10(6)-1.1 x 10(6) units/mg). (Shuck et al., 1991)
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained after completion of the IL-lra infusion synthesized significantly less interleukin 6 ex vivo than PBMC from saline-injected controls. (Granowitz et al., 1992)
Canakinumab (ACZ885, Ilaris) blocks IL-1 signaling
Canakinumab binds to human IL-1β with high affinity; the antibody-antigen dissociation equilibrium constant is approximately 35–40 pM(Dhimolea, 2010).
The antibody binds to human IL-1β with high affinity (about 40 pmol/l). The antibody was found to neutralize the bioactivity of human IL-1β on primary human fibroblasts in vitro 44.6 pmol/l (7.1 ± 0.56 ng/ml; n = 6) of ED50. Application of Canakinumab intraperitoneally 2 hours before injecting the IL-1β producing cells completely suppressed joint swelling (0.06 mg/kg of EC50) (Alten et al., 2008).
Primary human fibroblasts are stimulated with recombinant IL-1b or conditioned medium obtained from LPS-stimulated human PBMCs in the presence of various concentrations of Cankinumab or IL-1RA ranging from 6 to 18,000 pM. Supernatant is taken after 16 h stimulation and assayed for IL-6 by ELISA. Canakinumab typically have 1 nM or less of EC50 for inhibition of IL-6 production (Canakinumab Patent Application WO02/16436.)
Rilonacept (IL-1 Trap, Arcalyst) blocks IL-1 signaling:
Incubation of the human MRC5 fibroblastic cell line with IL-1β induces secretion of IL-6. At a constant amount of IL-1β (4 pM), the IC50 of the IL-1 trap is ∼2 pM. Another unique property of the IL-1 trap is that it not only blocks IL-1β, but also blocks IL-1α with high affinity (KD = ∼3 pM; data not shown). The titration curve of IL-1 trap in the presence of 10 pM IL-1β shows an IC50 of 6.5 pM, which corresponds to a calculated KD of 1.5 pM (This affinity is 100 times higher than that of the soluble single component receptor IL-1RI (Economides et al., 2003).
Quantitative Understanding of the Linkage
See Empirical Evidence.
Response-response Relationship
IL-1Ra blocks IL-1 signaling:
Suppression of IL-1-induced IL-1, TNFa, or IL-6 synthesis was dose-dependent (P ≦ .0001). At a twofold molar excess, IL-lra inhibited IL-1-induced IL-1 or TNFa synthesis by 50% (P < .01); an equimolar concentration of IL-lra inhibited synthesis of these two cytokines by over 20% (P < .05). A 10-fold molar excess of IL-lra over IL-lb reduced IL-lb-induced IL-la by 95% (P = .01) and IL-la-induced IL-1b by 73% (P < .01). In elutriated monocytes, a 10-fold molar excess of IL-lra reduced IL-lb-induced IL-la by 82% (P < .05), TNFa by 64% (P = .05), and IL-6 by 47% (P < .05). (Granowitz et al., 1992)
Rilonacept (IL-1 Trap, Arcalyst) blocks IL-1 signaling:
The titration curve of IL-1 trap in the presence of 10 pM IL-1β shows an IC50 of 6.5 pM, which corresponds to a calculated KD of 1.5 pM (This affinity is 100 times higher than that of the soluble single component receptor IL-1RI (Economides et al., 2003).
Domain of Applicability
References
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Arend, W.P., Welgus, H.G., Thompson, R.C., et al., 1990. Biological properties of recombinant human monocyte-derived interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. J Clin Invest 85, 1694-1697.
Brikos, C., Wait, R., Begum, S., et al., 2007. Mass spectrometric analysis of the endogenous type I interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor signaling complex formed after IL-1 binding identifies IL-1RAcP, MyD88, and IRAK-4 as the stable components. Mol Cell Proteomics 6, 1551-1559.
De Benedetti, F., Gattorno, M., Anton, J., et al., 2018. Canakinumab for the Treatment of Autoinflammatory Recurrent Fever Syndromes. N Engl J Med 378, 1908-1919.
Dhimolea, E., 2010. Canakinumab. MAbs 2, 3-13.
Dripps, D.J., Brandhuber, B.J., Thompson, R.C., et al., 1991. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist binds to the 80-kDa IL-1 receptor but does not initiate IL-1 signal transduction. J Biol Chem 266, 10331-10336.
Economides, A.N., Carpenter, L.R., Rudge, J.S., et al., 2003. Cytokine traps: multi-component, high-affinity blockers of cytokine action. Nat Med 9, 47-52.
Fleischmann, R.M., Schechtman, J., Bennett, R., et al., 2003. Anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (r-metHuIL-1ra), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A large, international, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 48, 927-934.
Genovese, M.C., Cohen, S., Moreland, L., et al., 2004. Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been treated unsuccessfully with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 50, 1412-1419.
Granowitz, E.V., Clark, B.D., Vannier, E., et al., 1992. Effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade on cytokine synthesis: I. IL-1 receptor antagonist inhibits IL-1-induced cytokine synthesis and blocks the binding of IL-1 to its type II receptor on human monocytes. Blood 79, 2356-2363.
Imagawa, T., Nishikomori, R., Takada, H., et al., 2013. Safety and efficacy of canakinumab in Japanese patients with phenotypes of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome as established in the first open-label, phase-3 pivotal study (24-week results). Clin Exp Rheumatol 31, 302-309.
Kullenberg, T., Lofqvist, M., Leinonen, M., et al., 2016. Long-term safety profile of anakinra in patients with severe cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 55, 1499-1506.
Lachmann, H.J., Kone-Paut, I., Kuemmerle-Deschner, J.B., et al., 2009. Use of canakinumab in the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome. N Engl J Med 360, 2416-2425.
Lequerre, T., Quartier, P., Rosellini, D., et al., 2008. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) treatment in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult onset Still disease: preliminary experience in France. Ann Rheum Dis 67, 302-308.
McIntyre, K.W., Stepan, G.J., Kolinsky, K.D., et al., 1991. Inhibition of interleukin 1 (IL-1) binding and bioactivity in vitro and modulation of acute inflammation in vivo by IL-1 receptor antagonist and anti-IL-1 receptor monoclonal antibody. J Exp Med 173, 931-939.
Migkos, M.P., Somarakis, G.A., Markatseli, T.E., et al., 2015. Tuberculous pyomyositis in a rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with anakinra. Clin Exp Rheumatol 33, 734-736.
Schlesinger, N., Alten, R.E., Bardin, T., et al., 2012. Canakinumab for acute gouty arthritis in patients with limited treatment options: results from two randomised, multicentre, active-controlled, double-blind trials and their initial extensions. Ann Rheum Dis 71, 1839-1848.
Shuck, M.E., Eessalu, T.E., Tracey, D.E., et al., 1991. Cloning, heterologous expression and characterization of murine interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein. Eur J Immunol 21, 2775-2780.
Weber, A., Wasiliew, P., Kracht, M., 2010. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) pathway. Sci Signal 3, cm1.