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Event: 1172

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

Increased activation, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB)

Short name
The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. More help
Increased activation, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB)
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Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help
Level of Biological Organization
Cellular

Cell term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Cell term
epithelial cell

Organ term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Organ term
tissue

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling).  The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor).  Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description.  To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons.  If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests.  Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add.  Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help
Process Object Action
regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling increased

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help
AOP Name Role of event in AOP Point of Contact Author Status OECD Status
AT1R, lung fibrosis KeyEvent Young Jun Kim (send email) Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Under Development
TLR9 activation leading to Multi Organ Failure and ARDS KeyEvent Gillina Bezemer (send email) Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite
Binding to ACE2 leads to lung fibrosis KeyEvent Young Jun Kim (send email) Open for comment. Do not cite Under Development
DNA damage and metastatic breast cancer KeyEvent Usha Adiga (send email) Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Under Development

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens High NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help
Life stage Evidence
Not Otherwise Specified Moderate

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help
Term Evidence
Mixed Not Specified

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

The NF-kB pathway consists of a series of events where the transcription factors of the NF-kB family play a key role. The proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1beta) can be activated by NF-kB , including Reactive Oxygen Species produced by  NADPH oxidase (NOX). Upon pathway activation, the IKK complex will be phosphorylated, which in turn phosphorylates IkBa. There, this transcription factor can express pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes. This can be achieved by ROS, IKK enhancer or nuclear translocation enhancer. 

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

NF-kB transcriptional activity: Beta lactamase reporter gene assay (Miller et al. 2010). NF-kB transcription: Lentiviral NF-kB GFP reporter with flow cytometry (Moujalled et al. 2012)

NF-κB translocation: RelA-GFP reporter assay (Wink et al 2017)

IκBa phosphorylation: Western blotting (Miller et al. 2010)

NF-κB p65 (Total/Phospho) ELISA

ELISA for IL-6, IL-8, and Cox

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided).  More help

The ROS directly influences NF-κB signalling, resulting in differential production of cytokines and chemokines (McKay and Cidlowski, 1999). NIn accordance with the OECD AOP Handbook, the pathway begins with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), serving as the Molecular Initiating Event (MIE), which subsequently triggers the Activation of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway . This activation, in turn, directly influences the expression of genes involved in the Differential Production of Cytokines and Chemokines , culminating in the regulation of Pro-Inflammatory Responses Transcriptionally Mediated by NF-κB (. The resultant exaggerated and dysregulated pro-inflammatory response contributes to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, representing the Adverse Outcome (AO). This sequence of events is underpinned by the works of McKay and Cidlowski (1999) and aligns with the guidelines set forth in the OECD AOP Handbook.F-κB regulates pro-inflammatory responses that are transcriptionally mediated by NF‑κB.

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help

McKay LI, Cidlowski JA. Molecular control of immune/inflammatory responses: interactions between nuclear factor-kappa B and steroid receptor-signaling pathways. Endocr Rev. 1999 Aug;20(4):435-59.

Miller SC, Huang R, Sakamuru S, Shukla SJ, Attene-Ramos MS, Shinn P, Van Leer D, Leister W, Austin CP, Xia M. Identification of known drugs that act as inhibitors of NF-kappaB signaling and their mechanism of action. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 May 1;79(9):1272-80.

Moujalled DM, Cook WD, Lluis JM, Khan NR, Ahmed AU, Callus BA, Vaux DL. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, neither caspase-8 nor cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) is necessary for TNF to activate NF-κB, but caspase-8 is required for TNF to cause cell death, and induction of FLIP by NF-κB is required to prevent it. Cell Death Differ. 2012 May;19(5):808-15.

Wink S, Hiemstra S, Herpers B, van de Water B. High-content imaging-based BAC-GFP toxicity pathway reporters to assess chemical adversity liabilities. Arch Toxicol. 2017 Mar;91(3):1367-1383.