Stressor: 624

Title

Chemical name selected from established chemical ontologies or, depending on the information available, this could also refer to chemical categories (i.e., groups of chemicals with defined structural features known to trigger the MIE). It can also include non-chemical prototypical stressors such as genetic or environmental factors. More help

Sars-CoV-2

Stressor Overview

A structured data field that can be used to annotate an AOP with standardized terms identifying prototypical stressors known to trigger the MIE(s)/AOP. More help

AOPs Including This Stressor

This table is automatically generated and lists the AOPs associated with this prototypical stressor. More help

AOP Name	Evidence
Binding of Sars-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE 2 receptors expressed on brain cells (neuronal and non-neuronal) leads to neuroinflammation resulting in encephalitis	High
Dysregulated prolonged Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) activation leading to Multi Organ Failure involving Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)	Low
Binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 receptor leading to acute respiratory distress associated mortality	High
Decreased fibrinolysis and activated bradykinin system leading to hyperinflammation	High
Binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 in enterocytes leads to intestinal barrier disruption
Binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 leads to viral infection proliferation	High

Chemical Table

A list of chemicals associated with a prototypical stressor. More help

References

List of the literature that was cited for this prototypical stressor. More help

Port, J.R., Yinda, C.K., Avanzato, V.A. et al. Increased small particle aerosol transmission of B.1.1.7 compared with SARS-CoV-2 lineage A in vivo. Nat Microbiol 7, 213–223 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-01047-y

Goldman, E. Exaggerated risk of transmission of COVID-19 by fomites. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, 892–893 (2020).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How COVID-19 Spreads (CDC, 2021); https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html

Greenhalgh, T. et al. Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Lancet 397, 1603–1605 (2021).

Coleman, K. K. et al. Viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in respiratory aerosols emitted by patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) while breathing, talking, and singing. Clin. Infect. Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab691 (2021).

Leung, N. H. L. et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat. Med. 26, 676–680 (2020).

Laffeber, C., de Koning, K., Kanaar, R. & Lebbink, J. H. G. Experimental evidence for enhanced receptor binding by rapidly spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants. J. Mol. Biol. 433, 167058 (2021).