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Event: 389

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

Increased, Intracellular Calcium overload

Short name

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Biological Context

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Level of Biological Organization
Cellular

Cell term

The location/biological environment in which the event takes place.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place. For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable. For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable. Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Cell term
eukaryotic cell

Organ term

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling). The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor). Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description. To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons. If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests. Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add. Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Process	Object	Action
calcium ion transport	calcium ion	increased

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help

AOP Name	Role of event in AOP	Point of Contact	Author Status	OECD Status
ionotropic glutamatergic receptors and cognition	KeyEvent	Anna Price (send email)	Open for citation & comment	WPHA/WNT Endorsed
AChE Inhibition Leading to Neurodegeneration	KeyEvent	Karen Watanabe (send email)	Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite
Calcium overload driven development of parkinsonian motor deficits	KeyEvent	Julia Meerman (send email)	Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite
IGR binding leads to impairment of learning and memory (via loss of drebrin)	KeyEvent	Shihori Tanabe (send email)	Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite	Under Development
Binding and activation of GPER leading to learning and memory impairments	KeyEvent	Zedong Ouyang (send email)	Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help

Term	Scientific Term	Evidence	Link
zebrafish	Danio rerio	High	NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

NMDAR agonist binding results in increased intracellular calcium, whereas NMDAR antagonist binding results in decreased intracellular calcium levels. For the relevant paragraphs below please see AOP entitled Chronic binding of antagonist to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) during brain development induces impairment of learning and memory abilities.

Biological state: KE Calcium influx, Decreased

Biological compartments: KE Calcium influx, Decreased

General role in biology: KE Calcium influx, Decreased

The text specific for the AOP "ionotropic glutamatergic receptors and cognition” and “Acetylcholinesterase inhibition leading to neurodegeneration”:

It is now well accepted that modest activation of NMDARs leading to modest increases in postsynaptic calcium are optimal for triggering LTD (Lledo et al. 1998; Bloodgood and Sabatin, 2007; Bloodgood et al. 2009), whereas much stronger activation of NMDARs leading to much larger increases in postsynaptic calcium are required to trigger LTP (Luscher and Malenka, 2012; Malenka 1994). Indeed, high-frequency stimulation causes a strong temporal summation of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), and depolarization of the postsynaptic cell is sufficient to relieve the Mg2+ block of the NMDAR and allow a large amount of calcium to enter into the postsynaptic cells. Therefore, intra-cellular calcium is measured as a readout for evaluation NMDAR stimulation.

How It Is Measured or Detected

A description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements.These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

Methods that have been previously reviewed and approved by a recognized authority should be included in the Overview section above. All other methods, including those well established in the published literature, should be described here. Consider the following criteria when describing each method: 1. Is the assay fit for purpose? 2. Is the assay directly or indirectly (i.e. a surrogate) related to a key event relevant to the final adverse effect in question? 3. Is the assay repeatable? 4. Is the assay reproducible?

Please see KE Calcium influx, Decreasedin the AOP entitled: Chronic binding of antagonist to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) during brain development induces impairment of learning and memory abilities.

Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided). More help

Please see KE Calcium influx, Decreasedin the AOP entitled Chronic binding of antagonist to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) during brain development induces impairment of learning and memory abilities.

Additional text, specific for the AOP “Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition leading to Neurodegeneration”:

Zebrafish have shown dysregulation in intracellular calcium ion levels following exposure to organophosphate compounds through similar mechanisms demonstrated in mammals (Faria et al. 2015).

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help

Bloodgood BL, Sabatini BL., Nonlinear regulation of unitary synaptic signals by CaV2.3 voltage-sensitive calcium channels located in dendritic spines. Neuron, 2007, 53:249–260.

Bloodgood BL, Giessel AJ, Sabatini BL., Biphasic synaptic Ca influx arising from compartmentalized electrical signals in dendritic spines. PLoS Biol., 2009, 7: e1000190.

Faria, M., N. Garcia-Reyero, F. Padrós, P. J. Babin, D. Sebastián, J. Cachot, E. Prats, M. Arick Ii, E. Rial, A. Knoll-Gellida, G. Mathieu, F. Le Bihanic, B. L. Escalon, A. Zorzano, A. M. Soares and D. Raldúa (2015), "Zebrafish Models for Human Acute Organophosphorus Poisoning.” Sci Rep 5. DOI: 10.1038/srep15591.

Lledo PM, Zhang X, Sudhof TC, Malenka RC, Nicoll RA., Postsynaptic membrane fusion and long-term potentiation. Science, 1998, 279: 399–403.

Malenka RC. Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus: LTP and LTD. Cell, 1994, 78: 535–538.

Luscher C. and Robert C. Malenka. NMDA Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression (LTP/LTD). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol., 2012, 4: a005710.