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Event: 756
Key Event Title
Hippocampal gene expression, Altered
Short name
Biological Context
Level of Biological Organization |
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Tissue |
Organ term
Organ term |
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brain |
Key Event Components
Process | Object | Action |
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regulation of gene expression | hippocampal formation | abnormal |
Key Event Overview
AOPs Including This Key Event
AOP Name | Role of event in AOP | Point of Contact | Author Status | OECD Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
TPO Inhibition and Altered Neurodevelopment | KeyEvent | Kevin Crofton (send email) | Open for citation & comment | WPHA/WNT Endorsed |
Nuclear receptor induced TH Catabolism and Developmental Hearing Loss | KeyEvent | Katie Paul Friedman (send email) | Open for adoption | Under Development |
NIS and Cognitive Dysfunction | KeyEvent | Mary Gilbert (send email) | Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome | |
Transthyretin interference | KeyEvent | Kristie Sullivan (send email) | Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome | Under Development |
TR Antagonism and DNT | KeyEvent | Kevin Crofton (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite | Under Development |
AhR activation in the liver leading to Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Mammals | KeyEvent | Prakash Patel (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite | |
AhR activation in the thyroid leading to Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Mammals | KeyEvent | Prakash Patel (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite |
Taxonomic Applicability
Life Stages
Life stage | Evidence |
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During brain development | High |
Sex Applicability
Term | Evidence |
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Female | High |
Male | High |
Key Event Description
Thyroid hormones control genes in the developing brain by classical ligand (T3) activation of thyroid receptors which leads to DNA binding and subsequent transcription and translation (for a review of TH rols in brain development see, Bernal 2015). Gene expression profiles have been published for the developing human and rodent hippocampus (Zhang et al., 2002; Mody et al., 2001). In both humans and rodents, the hippocampus undergoes typical stages of neurodevelopment found in most brain regions, including: cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, synapse formation, and the maturation of synaptic function. In the rodent, peak windows during pre- and post-natal periods have been identified during which major cellular and physiological events occur (see Figure 1). Each window expresses distinct patterns of gene transcription and clusters of genes increase their expression corresponding to the progression of events of hippocampal ontogeny (see Mody et al., 2001). Tables of gene clusters associated with these phases can be found in Supplementary Tables of Mody et al. (2001).
During the very early prenatal period, genes corresponding to general cellular function are prominent (Mody et al., 2001). These are followed in time by genes regulating neuronal differentiation and migration in the mid to late gestational period. From late gestation (gestational day 15) until birth almost all the cells in the CA fields switch from a highly active proliferation state to a postmitotic state, and then undergo differentiation and migration. Expression of proliferative genes involved in cell cycle progression are highly expressed at gestational day 16, then subsequently are silent immediately after birth when genes directing neuronal growth switch on. The pyramidal neurons of the CA fields in the hippocampus proper develop in advance of the granule cells that comprise the principal cells of the dentate gyrus. As such, the genes controlling the distinct phases of neurodevelopment are expressed at different times in these two hippocampal subregions (Altman and Bayer, 1990a; b). In both subregions, however, many phenotypic changes within the hippocampal neuron occur in the period immediately after birth (postnatal day 1 to 7). Almost all neurons show extensive growth and differentiation during the first postnatal week. These cellular changes are marked by rapid cytoskeletal changes, production of cell adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix formation. The gene families involved in these processes include actins, tubulins, and chaperonin proteins essential for promoting correct protein folding of cytoskeletal components. Cell adhesion and extracellular matrix proteins are also upregulated during this period as these genes are critical for differentiation and synaptogenesis.
During late postnatal hippocampal development (postnatal day 16-30), hippocampal circuits become more active and exhibit increased synaptic plasticity. Many genes upregulated during this phase of development are involved in synaptic function and include genes regulating vesicle associated proteins and calcium-mediated transmitter release, neurotrophins, and neurotransmitter receptors. Efficient energy utilization is essential during this period of increased synaptic activity, events mirrored by an upregulation of enzymes involved in glucose and oxidative metabolism.
How It Is Measured or Detected
Measurement of genomic profiles in developing brain use methods that are well established and accepted in the published literature. Microarray studies with expression profile analyses have been conducted in cortex and hippocampus of humans (Zhang et al., 2002), non-human primates, and rodent brains of various ages (Mody et al., 2001; Royland et al., 2008; Dong et al., 2015). More commonly, quantitative rtPCR or in situ hybridization have been used to probe individual gene transcripts (Dowling et al., 2000, Morte et al., 2010) or their protein products (Alvarez-Dolado et al., 1994; Gilbert et al., 2007). Recently RNA-Seq technology was applied to T3-treated primary mouse cortical cells and gene targets enriched in astrocytes and neurons to identify TH-responsive genes (Gil-Ibanez et al, 2015).
Domain of Applicability
Gene expression in the developing brain in general is analogous across most mammalian species (Kempermann, 2012). Most of the empirical data on gene expression in hippocampus is from rat, mouse and human studies.
References
Altman J, Bayer SA. Migration and distribution of two populations of hippocampal granule cell precursors during the perinatal and postnatal periods. J Comp Neurol. 1990a Nov 15;301(3):365-81.
Altman J, Bayer SA. Prolonged sojourn of developing pyramidal cells in the intermediate zone of the hippocampus and their settling in the stratum pyramidale. J Comp Neurol. 1990b Nov 15;301(3):343-64.
Alvarez-Dolado M, Ruiz M, Del Rio JA, Alcantara S, Burgaya F, Sheldon M, Nakajima K, Bernal J, Howell BW, Curran T, Soriano E, Munoz A (1999) Thyroid hormone regulates reelin and dab1 expression during brain development. J Neurosci 19:6979-6993.
Bernal J. (2105) Thyroid Hormones in Brain Development and Function. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc..
Dong H, You SH, Williams A, Wade MG, Yauk CL, Thomas Zoeller R (2015) Transient Maternal Hypothyroxinemia Potentiates the Transcriptional Response to Exogenous Thyroid Hormone in the Fetal Cerebral Cortex Before the Onset of Fetal Thyroid Function: A Messenger and MicroRNA Profiling Study. Cereb Cortex 25:1735-1745.
Dowling AL, Zoeller RT. 2000. Thyroid hormone of maternal origin regulates the expression of RC3/neurogranin mRNA in the fetal rat brain. Brain Res: Molec Brain Res. 82:126-132.
Gilbert ME, Sui L, Walker MJ, Anderson W, Thomas S, Smoller SN, Schon JP, Phani S, Goodman JH (2007) Thyroid hormone insufficiency during brain development reduces parvalbumin immunoreactivity and inhibitory function in the hippocampus. Endocrinology 148:92-102.
Gil-Ibanez P, Garcia-Garcia F, Dopazo J, Bernal J, Morte B. 2015. Global Transcriptome Analysis of Primary Cerebrocortical Cells: Identification of Genes Regulated by Triiodothyronine in Specific Cell Types. Cerebral cortex. Nov 2.
Kempermann G. New neurons for 'survival of the fittest'. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012 Oct;13(10):727-36.
Mody M, Cao Y, Cui Z, Tay KY, Shyong A, Shimizu E, Pham K, Schultz P, Welsh D, Tsien JZ. Genome-wide gene expression profiles of the developing mouse hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jul 17;98(15):8862-7.
Morte B, Ceballos A, Diez D, Grijota-Martinez C, Dumitrescu AM, Di Cosmo C, Galton VA, Refetoff S, Bernal J. Thyroid hormone-regulated mouse cerebral cortex genes are differentially dependent on the source of the hormone: a study in monocarboxylate transporter-8- and deiodinase-2-deficient mice. Endocrinology. 2010. 151:2381-2387.
Royland JE, Parker JS, Gilbert ME. A genomic analysis of subclinical hypothyroidism in hippocampus and neocortex of the developing rat brain. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008 Dec;20(12):1319-38.
Zhang Y, Mei P, Lou R, Zhang MQ, Wu G, Qiang B, Zhang Z, Shen Y. Gene expression profiling in developing human hippocampus. J Neurosci Res. 2002 Oct 15;70(2):200-8.