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Aop: 298

Title

Each AOP should be given a descriptive title that takes the form “MIE leading to AO”. For example, “Aromatase inhibition [MIE] leading to reproductive dysfunction [AO]” or “Thyroperoxidase inhibition [MIE] leading to decreased cognitive function [AO]”. In cases where the MIE is unknown or undefined, the earliest known KE in the chain (i.e., furthest upstream) should be used in lieu of the MIE and it should be made clear that the stated event is a KE and not the MIE. More help

Chronic reactive oxygen species leading to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer

Short name
A short name should also be provided that succinctly summarises the information from the title. This name should not exceed 90 characters. More help
Chronic ROS leading to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer

Graphical Representation

A graphical summary of the AOP listing all the KEs in sequence, including the MIE (if known) and AO, and the pair-wise relationships (links or KERs) between those KEs should be provided. This is easily achieved using the standard box and arrow AOP diagram (see this page for example). The graphical summary is prepared and uploaded by the user (templates are available) and is often included as part of the proposal when AOP development projects are submitted to the OECD AOP Development Workplan. The graphical representation or AOP diagram provides a useful and concise overview of the KEs that are included in the AOP, and the sequence in which they are linked together. This can aid both the process of development, as well as review and use of the AOP (for more information please see page 19 of the Users' Handbook).If you already have a graphical representation of your AOP in electronic format, simple save it in a standard image format (e.g. jpeg, png) then click ‘Choose File’ under the “Graphical Representation” heading, which is part of the Summary of the AOP section, to select the file that you have just edited. Files must be in jpeg, jpg, gif, png, or bmp format. Click ‘Upload’ to upload the file. You should see the AOP page with the image displayed under the “Graphical Representation” heading. To remove a graphical representation file, click 'Remove' and then click 'OK.'  Your graphic should no longer be displayed on the AOP page. If you do not have a graphical representation of your AOP in electronic format, a template is available to assist you.  Under “Summary of the AOP”, under the “Graphical Representation” heading click on the link “Click to download template for graphical representation.” A Powerpoint template file should download via the default download mechanism for your browser. Click to open this file; it contains a Powerpoint template for an AOP diagram and instructions for editing and saving the diagram. Be sure to save the diagram as jpeg, jpg, gif, png, or bmp format. Once the diagram is edited to its final state, upload the image file as described above. More help
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Authors

List the name and affiliation information of the individual(s)/organisation(s) that created/developed the AOP. In the context of the OECD AOP Development Workplan, this would typically be the individuals and organisation that submitted an AOP development proposal to the EAGMST. Significant contributors to the AOP should also be listed. A corresponding author with contact information may be provided here. This author does not need an account on the AOP-KB and can be distinct from the point of contact below. The list of authors will be included in any snapshot made from an AOP. More help

Shihori Tanabe1), Sabina Quader2), Ryuichi Ono3), Horacio Cabral4), Kazuhiko Aoyagi5), Akihiko Hirose1), Hiroshi Yokozaki6), Hiroki Sasaki7), Ed Perkins8)

1Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan

2Innovation Centre of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Japan

3Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan

4Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan

5Department of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan

6Department of Pathology, Kobe University of Graduate School of Medicine, Japan

7Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan

8Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, United States

Point of Contact

Indicate the point of contact for the AOP-KB entry itself. This person is responsible for managing the AOP entry in the AOP-KB and controls write access to the page by defining the contributors as described below. Clicking on the name will allow any wiki user to correspond with the point of contact via the email address associated with their user profile in the AOP-KB. This person can be the same as the corresponding author listed in the authors section but isn’t required to be. In cases where the individuals are different, the corresponding author would be the appropriate person to contact for scientific issues whereas the point of contact would be the appropriate person to contact about technical issues with the AOP-KB entry itself. Corresponding authors and the point of contact are encouraged to monitor comments on their AOPs and develop or coordinate responses as appropriate.  More help
Shihori Tanabe   (email point of contact)

Contributors

List user names of all  authors contributing to or revising pages in the AOP-KB that are linked to the AOP description. This information is mainly used to control write access to the AOP page and is controlled by the Point of Contact.  More help
  • Shihori Tanabe

Status

The status section is used to provide AOP-KB users with information concerning how actively the AOP page is being developed, what type of use or input the authors feel comfortable with given the current level of development, and whether it is part of the OECD AOP Development Workplan and has been reviewed and/or endorsed. “Author Status” is an author defined field that is designated by selecting one of several options from a drop-down menu (Table 3). The “Author Status” field should be changed by the point of contact, as appropriate, as AOP development proceeds. See page 22 of the User Handbook for definitions of selection options. More help
Author status OECD status OECD project SAAOP status
Open for comment. Do not cite EAGMST Under Review 1.58 Included in OECD Work Plan
This AOP was last modified on July 14, 2021 01:46
The date the AOP was last modified is automatically tracked by the AOP-KB. The date modified field can be used to evaluate how actively the page is under development and how recently the version within the AOP-Wiki has been updated compared to any snapshots that were generated. More help

Revision dates for related pages

Page Revision Date/Time
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition May 13, 2021 01:37
Treatment-resistant gastric cancer May 13, 2021 02:10
Chronic reactive oxygen species May 24, 2021 02:59
Sustained tissue damage / macrophage activation / porcupine-induced Wnt secretion May 13, 2021 22:29
Proliferation / beta-catenin activation May 13, 2021 01:36
Chronic ROS leads to Sustained tissue damage, macrophage activation and Wnt secretion May 13, 2021 02:22
Sustained tissue damage, macrophage activation and Wnt secretion leads to Proliferation / beta-catenin activation May 13, 2021 02:25
Proliferation / beta-catenin activation leads to Epithelial-mesenchymal transition May 13, 2021 03:03
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition leads to Resistant gastric cancer May 13, 2021 03:08
Wnt May 29, 2019 03:59
WNT2 May 29, 2019 03:59
Porcupine January 19, 2020 21:19
Wntless January 19, 2020 21:20
Ionizing Radiation May 07, 2019 12:12
ferric nitrilotriacetate May 27, 2020 02:40

Abstract

In the abstract section, authors should provide a concise and informative summation of the AOP under development that can stand-alone from the AOP page. Abstracts should typically be 200-400 words in length (similar to an abstract for a journal article). Suggested content for the abstract includes the following: The background/purpose for initiation of the AOP’s development (if there was a specific intent) A brief description of the MIE, AO, and/or major KEs that define the pathway A short summation of the overall WoE supporting the AOP and identification of major knowledge gaps (if any) If a brief statement about how the AOP may be applied (optional). The aim is to capture the highlights of the AOP and its potential scientific and regulatory relevance More help

The injury or sustained reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes resistance in human gastric cancer. This AOP entitled “Chronic reactive oxygen species leading to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer” consists of MIE (KE1753) as chronic ROS, followed by KE1 (KE1754) as sustained tissue damage / macrophage activation / porcupine-induced Wnt secretion, KE2 (KE1755) as proliferation / beta-catenin activation, KE3 (KE1650) as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and AO (KE1651) as human treatment-resistant gastric cancer. ROS has multiple roles such as development and progression of cancer, or apoptotic induction causing anti-tumor effects. In this AOP, we focus on the role of chronic ROS with sustained level to induce the therapy-resistance in human gastric cancer. EMT, which is cellular phenotypic change from epithelial to mesenchymal-like feature, demonstrates cancer stem cell-like characteristics in human gastric cancer. EMT is induced by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, which confers rationale to have Wnt secretion and beta-catenin activation as KE1 and KE2 on the AOP, respectively.

Background (optional)

This optional subsection should be used to provide background information for AOP reviewers and users that is considered helpful in understanding the biology underlying the AOP and the motivation for its development. The background should NOT provide an overview of the AOP, its KEs or KERs, which are captured in more detail below. Examples of potential uses of the optional background section are listed on pages 24-25 of the User Handbook. More help

Summary of the AOP

This section is for information that describes the overall AOP. The information described in section 1 is entered on the upper portion of an AOP page within the AOP-Wiki. This is where some background information may be provided, the structure of the AOP is described, and the KEs and KERs are listed. More help

Events:

Molecular Initiating Events (MIE)
An MIE is a specialised KE that represents the beginning (point of interaction between a stressor and the biological system) of an AOP. More help
Key Events (KE)
This table summarises all of the KEs of the AOP. This table is populated in the AOP-Wiki as KEs are added to the AOP. Each table entry acts as a link to the individual KE description page.  More help
Adverse Outcomes (AO)
An AO is a specialised KE that represents the end (an adverse outcome of regulatory significance) of an AOP.  More help
Sequence Type Event ID Title Short name
1 MIE 1753 Chronic reactive oxygen species Chronic ROS
2 KE 1754 Sustained tissue damage / macrophage activation / porcupine-induced Wnt secretion Sustained tissue damage, macrophage activation and Wnt secretion
3 KE 1755 Proliferation / beta-catenin activation Proliferation / beta-catenin activation
4 KE 1650 Epithelial-mesenchymal transition Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
5 AO 1651 Treatment-resistant gastric cancer Resistant gastric cancer

Relationships Between Two Key Events (Including MIEs and AOs)

This table summarises all of the KERs of the AOP and is populated in the AOP-Wiki as KERs are added to the AOP. Each table entry acts as a link to the individual KER description page.To add a key event relationship click on either Add relationship: events adjacent in sequence or Add relationship: events non-adjacent in sequence.For example, if the intended sequence of KEs for the AOP is [KE1 > KE2 > KE3 > KE4]; relationships between KE1 and KE2; KE2 and KE3; and KE3 and KE4 would be defined using the add relationship: events adjacent in sequence button.  Relationships between KE1 and KE3; KE2 and KE4; or KE1 and KE4, for example, should be created using the add relationship: events non-adjacent button. This helps to both organize the table with regard to which KERs define the main sequence of KEs and those that provide additional supporting evidence and aids computational analysis of AOP networks, where non-adjacent KERs can result in artifacts (see Villeneuve et al. 2018; DOI: 10.1002/etc.4124).After clicking either option, the user will be brought to a new page entitled ‘Add Relationship to AOP.’ To create a new relationship, select an upstream event and a downstream event from the drop down menus. The KER will automatically be designated as either adjacent or non-adjacent depending on the button selected. The fields “Evidence” and “Quantitative understanding” can be selected from the drop-down options at the time of creation of the relationship, or can be added later. See the Users Handbook, page 52 (Assess Evidence Supporting All KERs for guiding questions, etc.).  Click ‘Create [adjacent/non-adjacent] relationship.’  The new relationship should be listed on the AOP page under the heading “Relationships Between Two Key Events (Including MIEs and AOs)”. To edit a key event relationship, click ‘Edit’ next to the name of the relationship you wish to edit. The user will be directed to an Editing Relationship page where they can edit the Evidence, and Quantitative Understanding fields using the drop down menus. Once finished editing, click ‘Update [adjacent/non-adjacent] relationship’ to update these fields and return to the AOP page.To remove a key event relationship to an AOP page, under Summary of the AOP, next to “Relationships Between Two Key Events (Including MIEs and AOs)” click ‘Remove’ The relationship should no longer be listed on the AOP page under the heading “Relationships Between Two Key Events (Including MIEs and AOs)”. More help
Title Adjacency Evidence Quantitative Understanding
Chronic ROS leads to Sustained tissue damage, macrophage activation and Wnt secretion adjacent Moderate Moderate
Sustained tissue damage, macrophage activation and Wnt secretion leads to Proliferation / beta-catenin activation adjacent High Moderate
Proliferation / beta-catenin activation leads to Epithelial-mesenchymal transition adjacent Moderate Moderate
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition leads to Resistant gastric cancer adjacent High Moderate

Network View

The AOP-Wiki automatically generates a network view of the AOP. This network graphic is based on the information provided in the MIE, KEs, AO, KERs and WoE summary tables. The width of the edges representing the KERs is determined by its WoE confidence level, with thicker lines representing higher degrees of confidence. This network view also shows which KEs are shared with other AOPs. More help

Stressors

The stressor field is a structured data field that can be used to annotate an AOP with standardised terms identifying stressors known to trigger the MIE/AOP. Most often these are chemical names selected from established chemical ontologies. However, depending on the information available, this could also refer to chemical categories (i.e., groups of chemicals with defined structural features known to trigger the MIE). It can also include non-chemical stressors such as genetic or environmental factors. Although AOPs themselves are not chemical or stressor-specific, linking to stressor terms known to be relevant to different AOPs can aid users in searching for AOPs that may be relevant to a given stressor. More help
Name Evidence Term
Wnt High
WNT2 High
Porcupine Moderate
Wntless Moderate
Ionizing Radiation Moderate
ferric nitrilotriacetate Not Specified

Life Stage Applicability

Identify the life stage for which the KE is known to be applicable. More help
Life stage Evidence
All life stages High

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) can be selected. In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens High NCBI

Sex Applicability

The authors must select from one of the following: Male, female, mixed, asexual, third gender, hermaphrodite, or unspecific. More help
Sex Evidence
Unspecific High

Overall Assessment of the AOP

This section addresses the relevant biological domain of applicability (i.e., in terms of taxa, sex, life stage, etc.) and WoE for the overall AOP as a basis to consider appropriate regulatory application (e.g., priority setting, testing strategies or risk assessment). The goal of the overall assessment is to provide a high level synthesis and overview of the relative confidence in the AOP and where the significant gaps or weaknesses are (if they exist). Users or readers can drill down into the finer details captured in the KE and KER descriptions, and/or associated summary tables, as appropriate to their needs.Assessment of the AOP is organised into a number of steps. Guidance on pages 59-62 of the User Handbook is available to facilitate assignment of categories of high, moderate, or low confidence for each consideration. While it is not necessary to repeat lengthy text that appears elsewhere in the AOP description (or related KE and KER descriptions), a brief explanation or rationale for the selection of high, moderate, or low confidence should be made. More help

1. Support for Biological Plausibility of KERs

MIE => KE1: Chronic ROS leads to Sustained tissue damage / macrophage activation / porcupine-induced Wnt secretion

Biological Plausibility of the MIE => KE1 is moderate.

Rationale: Sustained ROS increases caused by/causes DNA damage, which will alter several signaling pathways including Wnt signaling. Macrophages accumulate into injured tissue to recover the tissue damage, which may be followed by porcupine-induced Wnt secretion. ROS stimulate inflammatory factor production and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling (Vallée & Lecarpentier, 2018).

KE1 => KE2: Sustained tissue damage / macrophage activation / porcupine-induced Wnt secretion leads to Proliferation / beta-catenin activation

Biological Plausibility of the KE1 => KE2 is high.

Rationale: Secreted Wnt ligand stimulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, in which beta-catenin is activated. Wnt ligand binds to Frizzled receptor, which leads to GSK3beta inactivation. GSK3beta inactivation leads to beta-catenin dephosphorylation, which avoids the ubiquitination of the beta-catenin and stabilize the beta-catenin (Clevers & Nusse, 2012).

KE2 => KE3: Proliferation / beta-catenin activation leads to Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

Biological Plausibility of the KE2 => KE3 is moderate.

Rationale: Beta-catenin activation, of which mechanism include the stabilization of the dephosphorylated beta-catenin and translocation of beta-catenin into the nucleus, induces the formation of beta-catenin-TCF complex and transcription of transcription factors such as Snail, Zeb and Twist (Clevers & Nusse, 2012) (Ahmad et al., 2012; Pearlman, Montes de Oca, Pal, & Afaq, 2017; Sohn et al., 2019; W. Yang et al., 2019).

EMT-related transcription factors including Snail, ZEB and Twist are up-regulated in cancer cells (Diaz, Vinas-Castells, & Garcia de Herreros, 2014).  The transcription factors such as Snail, ZEB and Twist bind to E-cadherin (CDH1) promoter and inhibit the CDH1 transcription via the consensus E-boxes (5’-CACCTG-3’ or 5’-CAGGTG-3’), which leads to EMT (Diaz et al., 2014).

KE3 => AO: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leads to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer

Biological Plausibility of the KE3 => AO is high.

Rationale: Some population of the cells exhibiting EMT demonstrates the feature of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are related to cancer malignancy (Shibue & Weinberg, 2017; Shihori Tanabe, 2015a, 2015b; Tanabe, Aoyagi, Yokozaki, & Sasaki, 2015).

EMT phenomenon is related to cancer metastasis and cancer therapy resistance (Smith & Bhowmick, 2016; Tanabe, 2013). The increase in expression of enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix components and the decrease in adhesion to the basement membrane in EMT induce the cell escape from the basement membrane and metastasis (Smith & Bhowmick, 2016). Morphological changes observed during EMT are associated with therapy resistance (Smith & Bhowmick, 2016).  

2. Support for essentiality of KEs

KE1: Sustained tissue damage / macrophage activation / porcupine-induced Wnt secretion

Essentiality of the KE1 is moderate.

Rationale for Essentiality of KEs in the AOP: The sustained tissue damage, macrophage activation and Wnt are essential for the subsequent beta-catenin activation and cancer resistance.

KE2: Proliferation / beta-catenin activation

Essentiality of the KE2 is moderate.

Rationale for Essentiality of KEs in the AOP: Proliferation and beta-catenin activation are essential for the Wnt-induced cancer resistance.

KE3: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

Essentiality of the KE3 is moderate.

Rationale for Essentiality of KEs in the AOP:EMT is essential for the Wnt-induced cancer promotion and resistance to anti-cancer drug.

3. Empirical support for KERs

MIE => KE1: Chronic ROS leads to Sustained tissue damage / macrophage activation / porcupine-induced Wnt secretion

Empirical Support of the MIE => KE1 is moderate.

Rationale: Production of ROS by DNA double-strand break causes the tissue damages (Gao et al., 2019).

ROS signaling induces Wnt/beta-catenin signaling (Pérez et al., 2017).

KE1 => KE2: Sustained tissue damage / macrophage activation / porcupine-induced Wnt secretion leads to Proliferation / beta-catenin activation

Empirical Support of the KE1 => KE2 is high.

Rationale: Dishevelled (DVL), a positive regulator of Wnt signaling, form the complex with FZD and lead to trigger the Wnt signaling together with Wnt coreceptor low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) (Clevers & Nusse, 2012; Jiang et al., 2015).

Wnt binds to FZD and activate the Wnt signaling (Clevers & Nusse, 2012; Janda, Waghray, Levin, Thomas, & Garcia, 2012; Nile et al., 2017). Wnt binding towards FZD induce the formation of the protein complex with LRP5/6 and DVL, leading to the down-stream signaling activation including beta-catenin (Clevers & Nusse, 2012).

KE2 => KE3: Proliferation / beta-catenin activation leads to Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

Empirical Support of the KE2 => KE3 is moderate.

Rationale: The inhibition of c-MET, which is overexpressed in diffuse-type gastric cancer, induced increase in phosphorylated beta-catenin, decrease in beta-catenin and Snail (Sohn et al., 2019).

The garcinol, which has an anti-cancer effect, increases phosphorylated beta-catenin, decreases beta-catenin and ZEB1/ZEB2, and inhibits EMT (Ahmad et al., 2012).

The inhibition of sortilin by AF38469 (a sortilin inhibitor) or small interference RNA (siRNA) results in a decrease in beta-catenin and Twist expression in human glioblastoma cells (W. Yang et al., 2019).

Histone deacetylase inhibitors affect EMT-related transcription factors including ZEB, Twist and Snail (Wawruszak et al., 2019).

Snail and Zeb induces EMT and suppress E-cadherin (CDH1) (Batlle et al., 2000; Diaz et al., 2014; Peinado, Olmeda, & Cano, 2007).

KE3 => AO: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leads to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer

Empirical Support of the KE3 => AO is moderate.

Rationale: EMT activation induces the expression of multiple members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, which results in the resistance to doxorubicin (Saxena, Stephens, Pathak, & Rangarajan, 2011; Shibue & Weinberg, 2017) 

TGFbeta-1 induced EMT results in the acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) like properties (Pirozzi et al., 2011; Shibue & Weinberg, 2017).

Snail-induced EMT induces the cancer metastasis and resistance to dendritic cell-mediated immunotherapy (Kudo-Saito et al., 2009).

Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox (ZEB1)-induced EMT results in the relief of miR-200-mediated repression of programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1) expression, a major inhibitory ligand for the programmed cell death protein (PD-1) immune-checkpoint protein on CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), subsequently the CD8+ T cell immunosuppression and metastasis (Chen et al., 2014).

Domain of Applicability

The relevant biological domain(s) of applicability in terms of sex, life-stage, taxa, and other aspects of biological context are defined in this section. Biological domain of applicability is informed by the “Description” and “Biological Domain of Applicability” sections of each KE and KER description (see sections 2G and 3E for details). In essence the taxa/life-stage/sex applicability is defined based on the groups of organisms for which the measurements represented by the KEs can feasibly be measured and the functional and regulatory relationships represented by the KERs are operative.The relevant biological domain of applicability of the AOP as a whole will nearly always be defined based on the most narrowly restricted of its KEs and KERs. For example, if most of the KEs apply to either sex, but one is relevant to females only, the biological domain of applicability of the AOP as a whole would be limited to females. While much of the detail defining the domain of applicability may be found in the individual KE and KER descriptions, the rationale for defining the relevant biological domain of applicability of the overall AOP should be briefly summarised on the AOP page. More help

Homo sapiens

Essentiality of the Key Events

An important aspect of assessing an AOP is evaluating the essentiality of its KEs. The essentiality of KEs can only be assessed relative to the impact of manipulation of a given KE (e.g., experimentally blocking or exacerbating the event) on the downstream sequence of KEs defined for the AOP. Consequently evidence supporting essentiality is assembled on the AOP page, rather than on the independent KE pages that are meant to stand-alone as modular units without reference to other KEs in the sequence.The nature of experimental evidence that is relevant to assessing essentiality relates to the impact on downstream KEs and the AO if upstream KEs are prevented or modified. This includes: Direct evidence: directly measured experimental support that blocking or preventing a KE prevents or impacts downstream KEs in the pathway in the expected fashion. Indirect evidence: evidence that modulation or attenuation in the magnitude of impact on a specific KE (increased effect or decreased effect) is associated with corresponding changes (increases or decreases) in the magnitude or frequency of one or more downstream KEs.When assembling the support for essentiality of the KEs, authors should organise relevant data in a tabular format. The objective is to summarise briefly the nature and numbers of investigations in which the essentiality of KEs has been experimentally explored either directly or indirectly. See pages 50-51 in the User Handbook for further definitions and clarifications.  More help

Sustained ROS contributes into the initiation and development of human gastric cancer (Gu H. 2018).

Wnt signaling is involved in cancer malignancy (Tanabe, 2018).

Upon stimulation with Wnt ligand to Frizzled receptor, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is activated. Wnt/beta-catenin consists of GSK3 beta inactivation, beta-catenin activation and up-regulation of transcription factors such as Zeb, Twist and Snail. The transcription factors Zeb, Twist and Snail relate to the activation of EMT-related genes. EMT is regulated with various gene networks (Tanabe, 2015c).

Evidence Assessment

The biological plausibility, empirical support, and quantitative understanding from each KER in an AOP are assessed together.  Biological plausibility of each of the KERs in the AOP is the most influential consideration in assessing WoE or degree of confidence in an overall hypothesised AOP for potential regulatory application (Meek et al., 2014; 2014a). Empirical support entails consideration of experimental data in terms of the associations between KEs – namely dose-response concordance and temporal relationships between and across multiple KEs. It is examined most often in studies of dose-response/incidence and temporal relationships for stressors that impact the pathway. While less influential than biological plausibility of the KERs and essentiality of the KEs, empirical support can increase confidence in the relationships included in an AOP. For clarification on how to rate the given empirical support for a KER, as well as examples, see pages 53- 55 of the User Handbook.  More help

 The Wnt signaling promotes EMT and cancer malignancy in colorectal cancer (Lazarova & Bordonaro, 2017). Although the potential pathways other than Wnt signaling exist in EMT induction and the mechanism underlaid cancer malignancy, Wnt signaling is one of the main pathways to induce EMT and cancer malignancy (Polakis, 2012).

Quantitative Understanding

Some proof of concept examples to address the WoE considerations for AOPs quantitatively have recently been developed, based on the rank ordering of the relevant Bradford Hill considerations (i.e., biological plausibility, essentiality and empirical support) (Becker et al., 2017; Becker et al, 2015; Collier et al., 2016). Suggested quantitation of the various elements is expert derived, without collective consideration currently of appropriate reporting templates or formal expert engagement. Though not essential, developers may wish to assign comparative quantitative values to the extent of the supporting data based on the three critical Bradford Hill considerations for AOPs, as a basis to contribute to collective experience.Specific attention is also given to how precisely and accurately one can potentially predict an impact on KEdownstream based on some measurement of KEupstream. This is captured in the form of quantitative understanding calls for each KER. See pages 55-56 of the User Handbook for a review of quantitative understanding for KER's. More help

Wnt signaling activates the CSCs to promote cancer malignancy (Reya & Clevers, 2005). The responses in KEs related to Wnt signaling, Frizzled activation, GSK3beta inactivation, beta-catenin activation, Snail, Zeb, Twist activation are dose-dependently related. The quantification of EMT and cancer malignancy would require the further investigation.

Considerations for Potential Applications of the AOP (optional)

At their discretion, the developer may include in this section discussion of the potential applications of an AOP to support regulatory decision-making. This may include, for example, possible utility for test guideline development or refinement, development of integrated testing and assessment approaches, development of (Q)SARs / or chemical profilers to facilitate the grouping of chemicals for subsequent read-across, screening level hazard assessments or even risk assessment. While it is challenging to foresee all potential regulatory application of AOPs and any application will ultimately lie within the purview of regulatory agencies, potential applications may be apparent as the AOP is being developed, particularly if it was initiated with a particular application in mind. This optional section is intended to provide the developer with an opportunity to suggest potential regulatory applications and describe his or her rationale.To edit the “Considerations for Potential Applications of the AOP” section, on an AOP page, in the upper right hand menu, click ‘Edit.’ This brings you to a page entitled, “Editing AOP.” Scroll down to the “Considerations for Potential Applications of the AOP” section, where a text entry box allows you to submit text. In the upper right hand menu, click ‘Update AOP’ to save your changes and return to the AOP page or 'Update and continue' to continue editing AOP text sections.  The new text should appear under the “Considerations for Potential Applications of the AOP” section on the AOP page. More help

AOP entitled “Chronic reactive oxygen species leading to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer” might be utilized for the development and risk assessment of anti-cancer drugs. EMT is involved in the acquisition of drug resistance, which is one of the critical features of cancer malignancy. The assessment of EMT would be the potential prediction of the adverse effects of anti-cancer drugs.

References

List the bibliographic references to original papers, books or other documents used to support the AOP. More help

Ahmad, A., Sarkar, S. H., Bitar, B., Ali, S., Aboukameel, A., Sethi, S., . . . Sarkar, F. H. (2012). Garcinol regulates EMT and Wnt signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo, leading to anticancer activity against breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther, 11(10), 2193-2201. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-12-0232-T

Ashoka, A. H., Ali, F., Tiwari, R., Kumari, R., Pramanik, S. K., & Das, A. (2020). Recent Advances in Fluorescent Probes for Detection of HOCl and HNO. ACS omega, 5(4), 1730-1742. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b03420

Banziger, C., Soldini, D., Schutt, C., Zipperlen, P., Hausmann, G., & Basler, K. (2006). Wntless, a conserved membrane protein dedicated to the secretion of Wnt proteins from signaling cells. Cell, 125(3), 509-522. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.049

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