Deposition of Energy

Deposition of energy refers to events where energetic subatomic particles, nuclei, or electromagnetic radiation deposit energy in the media through which they transverse. The energy may either be sufficient (e.g. ionizing radiation) or insufficient (e.g. non-ionizing radiation) to ionize atoms or molecules (Beir et al.,1999). 

Ionizing radiation can cause the ejection of electrons from atoms and molecules, thereby resulting in their ionization and the breakage of chemical bonds.  The excitation of molecules can also occur without ionization. These events are stochastic and unpredictable. The energy of these subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves ranges from 124 keV to 5.4 MeV and is dependent on the source and type of radiation (Zyla et al., 2020). Not all electromagnetic radiation is ionizing; as the incident radiation must have sufficient energy to free electrons from the electron orbitals of the atom or molecule. The energy deposited can induce direct and indirect ionization events and can result from internal (injections, inhalation, ingestion) or external exposure. 

Direct ionization is the principal path where charged particles interact with biological structures such as DNA, proteins or  membranes to cause biological damage. Photons, which are electromagnetic waves can also deposit energy to cause direct which themselves can indirectly damage critical targets such as DNA (Beir et al., 1999; Balagamwala et al., 2013) or alter cellular processes. Given the fundamental nature of energy deposition by radioactive/unstable nuclei, nucleons or elementary particles in material, this process is universal to all biological contexts. 

The spatial structure of ionizing energy deposition along the resulting particle track is represented as linear energy transfer (LET) (Hall and Giaccia, 2018 UNSCEAR, 2020). High LET refers to energy mostly above 10 keV μm-1 which produces more complex, dense structural damage than low LET radiation (below 10 keV μm-1). Low-LET particles produce sparse ionization events such as photons (X- and gamma rays), as well as high-energy protons. Low LET radiation travels farther into tissue but deposits smaller amounts of energy, whereas high LET radiation, which includes heavy ions, alpha particles and high-energy neutrons, does not travel as far but deposits larger amounts of energy into tissue at the same absorbed dose. The biological effect of the deposition of energy can be modulated by varying dose and dose rate of exposure, such as acute, chronic, or fractionated exposures (Hall and Giaccia, 2018). 

Non-ionizing radiation is electromagnetic waves that does not have enough energy to break bonds and induce ion formation but it can cause molecules to excite and vibrate faster resulting in biological effects. Examples of non-ionizing radiation include radio waves (wavelength: 100 km-1m), microwaves (wavelength: 1m-1mm), infrared radiation (wavelength: 1mm- 1 um), visible light (wavelengths: 400-700 nm), and ultraviolet radiation of longer wavelengths such as UVB (wavelengths: 315-400nm) and UVA (wavelengths: 280-315 nm). 

Energy can be deposited into any substrate, both living and non-living; it is independent of age, taxa, sex, or life-stage. 

Taxonomic applicability: This MIE is not taxonomically specific. 

Life stage applicability: This MIE is not life stage specific. 

Sex applicability: This MIE is not sex specific. 

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