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AOP: 159

Title

A descriptive phrase which references both the Molecular Initiating Event and Adverse Outcome.It should take the form “MIE leading to AO”. For example, “Aromatase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction” where Aromatase inhibition is the MIE and reproductive dysfunction the AO. In cases where the MIE is unknown or undefined, the earliest known KE in the chain (i.e., furthest upstream) should be used in lieu of the MIE and it should be made clear that the stated event is a KE and not the MIE.  More help

Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflation

Short name
A name that succinctly summarises the information from the title. This name should not exceed 90 characters. More help
TPOi anterior swim bladder

Graphical Representation

A graphical representation of the AOP.This graphic should list all KEs in sequence, including the MIE (if known) and AO, and the pair-wise relationships (links or KERs) between those KEs. More help
Click to download graphical representation template Explore AOP in a Third Party Tool

Authors

The names and affiliations of the individual(s)/organisation(s) that created/developed the AOP. More help

Lucia Vergauwen [1], [lucia.vergauwen(at)uantwerpen.be]

Evelyn Stinckens [1], [evelyn.stinckens(at)uantwerpen.be]

Dan Villeneuve [2], [villeneuve.dan(at)epa.gov]

Dries Knapen [1], [dries.knapen (at)uantwerpen.be]

[1] Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium

[2] United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA.

Point of Contact

The user responsible for managing the AOP entry in the AOP-KB and controlling write access to the page by defining the contributors as described in the next section.   More help
Dries Knapen   (email point of contact)

Contributors

Users with write access to the AOP page.  Entries in this field are controlled by the Point of Contact. More help
  • Dries Knapen
  • Lucia Vergauwen
  • Ann-Cathrin Haigis

Coaches

This field is used to identify coaches who supported the development of the AOP.Each coach selected must be a registered author. More help
  • Shihori Tanabe

Status

Provides users with information concerning how actively the AOP page is being developed, what type of use or input the authors feel comfortable with given the current level of development, and whether it is part of the OECD AOP Development Workplan and has been reviewed and/or endorsed. OECD Status - Tracks the level of review/endorsement the AOP has been subjected to. OECD Project Number - Project number is designated and updated by the OECD. SAAOP Status - Status managed and updated by SAAOP curators. More help
Handbook Version OECD status OECD project
v1.0 WPHA/WNT Endorsed 1.35
This AOP was last modified on April 29, 2023 16:02

Revision dates for related pages

Page Revision Date/Time
Thyroperoxidase, Inhibition November 04, 2022 09:24
Decrease, Population growth rate January 03, 2023 09:09
Thyroid hormone synthesis, Decreased November 04, 2022 09:25
Thyroxine (T4) in serum, Decreased October 10, 2022 08:52
Reduced, Anterior swim bladder inflation October 07, 2022 09:36
Reduced, Swimming performance September 08, 2021 06:12
Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) October 07, 2022 08:26
Increased Mortality July 08, 2022 07:32
Thyroperoxidase, Inhibition leads to TH synthesis, Decreased November 04, 2022 09:27
TH synthesis, Decreased leads to T4 in serum, Decreased October 10, 2022 08:56
T4 in serum, Decreased leads to Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) October 10, 2022 09:02
Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) leads to Reduced, Anterior swim bladder inflation October 07, 2022 09:44
Reduced, Anterior swim bladder inflation leads to Reduced, Swimming performance October 07, 2022 09:48
Reduced, Swimming performance leads to Increased Mortality September 08, 2021 10:05
Increased Mortality leads to Decrease, Population growth rate July 08, 2022 08:29
Thyroperoxidase, Inhibition leads to T4 in serum, Decreased July 08, 2022 08:33
T4 in serum, Decreased leads to Reduced, Anterior swim bladder inflation October 10, 2022 09:13
Methimazole November 29, 2016 18:42
Mercaptobenzothiazole November 29, 2016 18:42
Propylthiouracil November 29, 2016 18:42

Abstract

A concise and informative summation of the AOP under development that can stand-alone from the AOP page. The aim is to capture the highlights of the AOP and its potential scientific and regulatory relevance. More help

This AOP describes the sequence of events leading from thyroperoxidase inhibition to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflation. The enzyme thyroperoxidase (TPO) is essential for the synthesis of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the thyroid follicles. Inhibition of TPO reduces thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Thyroid hormones are critical in regulating developmental processes and thyroid hormone disruption can interfere with normal development. Swim bladder inflation is known to be under TH control (Brown et al., 1988; Liu and Chan, 2002). Many fish species have a swim bladder which is a gas-filled organ that typically consists of two chambers (Robertson et al., 2007). The posterior chamber inflates during early development in the embryonic phase, while the anterior chamber inflates during late development in the larval phase. Both the posterior and the anterior chamber have an important role in regulating buoyancy, and the anterior chamber has an additional role in hearing (Robertson et al., 2007).

This AOP describes how inhibition of TPO results in decreased synthesis of THs in the thyroid follicles. This reduces the availability of T4 for conversion to the more biologically active T3. Reduced T3 levels prohibit normal inflation of the anterior swim bladder chamber. Due to its role in regulating buoyancy, this results in reduced swimming performance. Since reduced swimming performance results in a decreased ability to forage and avoid predators, this reduces chances of survival. The final adverse outcome is a decrease of the population growth rate. Since many AOPs eventually lead to this more general adverse outcome at the population level, the more specific and informative adverse outcome at the organismal level, increased mortality, is used in the AOP title. Support for this AOP is mainly based on chemical exposures in zebrafish and fathead minnows (Nelson et al., 2016; Godfrey et al., 2017; Stinckens et al., 2016, 2020). Convincing evidence comes from a TPO knockout study in zebrafish confirming that anterior inflation was reduced (Fang et al. 2022). Additional evidence of a link between reduced TH synthesis and reduced anterior chamber inflation is available from a study where a mutation was inserted in the gene coding for dual oxidase, another enzyme that is important for TH synthesis since it provides hydrogen peroxide for iodide oxidation (Chopra et al., 2019).

This AOP is part of a larger AOP network describing how decreased synthesis and/or decreased biological activation of THs leads to incomplete or improper inflation of the swim bladder, leading to reduced swimming performance, increased mortality and decreased population trajectory (Knapen et al., 2018; Knapen et al., 2020; Villeneuve et al., 2018). Apart from the upstream part, the current AOP is identical to the corresponding AOPs leading from DIO1 and DIO2 inhibition to increased mortality via anterior swim bladder inflation (https://aopwiki.org/aops/156, https://aopwiki.org/aops/158).

AOP Development Strategy

Context

Used to provide background information for AOP reviewers and users that is considered helpful in understanding the biology underlying the AOP and the motivation for its development.The background should NOT provide an overview of the AOP, its KEs or KERs, which are captured in more detail below. More help

The larger AOP network describing the effect of deiodinase and thyroperoxidase inhibition on swim bladder inflation consists of 5 AOPs:

The development of these AOPs was mainly based on a series of dedicated experiments (using a set of reference chemicals as prototypical stressors) in zebrafish and fathead minnow that form the core of the empirical evidence. Specific literature searches were used to add evidence from other studies, mainly in zebrafish and fathead minnow. No systematic review approach was applied.

Strategy

Provides a description of the approaches to the identification, screening and quality assessment of the data relevant to identification of the key events and key event relationships included in the AOP or AOP network.This information is important as a basis to support the objective/envisaged application of the AOP by the regulatory community and to facilitate the reuse of its components.  Suggested content includes a rationale for and description of the scope and focus of the data search and identification strategy/ies including the nature of preliminary scoping and/or expert input, the overall literature screening strategy and more focused literature surveys to identify additional information (including e.g., key search terms, databases and time period searched, any tools used). More help

Summary of the AOP

This section is for information that describes the overall AOP.The information described in section 1 is entered on the upper portion of an AOP page within the AOP-Wiki. This is where some background information may be provided, the structure of the AOP is described, and the KEs and KERs are listed. More help

Events:

Molecular Initiating Events (MIE)
An MIE is a specialised KE that represents the beginning (point of interaction between a prototypical stressor and the biological system) of an AOP. More help
Key Events (KE)
A measurable event within a specific biological level of organisation. More help
Adverse Outcomes (AO)
An AO is a specialized KE that represents the end (an adverse outcome of regulatory significance) of an AOP. More help
Type Event ID Title Short name
MIE 279 Thyroperoxidase, Inhibition Thyroperoxidase, Inhibition
KE 277 Thyroid hormone synthesis, Decreased TH synthesis, Decreased
KE 281 Thyroxine (T4) in serum, Decreased T4 in serum, Decreased
KE 1003 Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
KE 1007 Reduced, Anterior swim bladder inflation Reduced, Anterior swim bladder inflation
KE 1005 Reduced, Swimming performance Reduced, Swimming performance
AO 351 Increased Mortality Increased Mortality
AO 360 Decrease, Population growth rate Decrease, Population growth rate

Relationships Between Two Key Events (Including MIEs and AOs)

This table summarizes all of the KERs of the AOP and is populated in the AOP-Wiki as KERs are added to the AOP.Each table entry acts as a link to the individual KER description page. More help

Network View

This network graphic is automatically generated based on the information provided in the MIE(s), KEs, AO(s), KERs and Weight of Evidence (WoE) summary tables. The width of the edges representing the KERs is determined by its WoE confidence level, with thicker lines representing higher degrees of confidence. This network view also shows which KEs are shared with other AOPs. More help

Prototypical Stressors

A structured data field that can be used to identify one or more “prototypical” stressors that act through this AOP. Prototypical stressors are stressors for which responses at multiple key events have been well documented. More help

Life Stage Applicability

The life stage for which the AOP is known to be applicable. More help
Life stage Evidence
Larvae High

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) can be selected.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available. More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
zebrafish Danio rerio High NCBI
fathead minnow Pimephales promelas High NCBI

Sex Applicability

The sex for which the AOP is known to be applicable. More help
Sex Evidence
Unspecific Moderate

Overall Assessment of the AOP

Addressess the relevant biological domain of applicability (i.e., in terms of taxa, sex, life stage, etc.) and Weight of Evidence (WoE) for the overall AOP as a basis to consider appropriate regulatory application (e.g., priority setting, testing strategies or risk assessment). More help
Attached file:

The attached document includes:

  • Support for biological plausibility of KERs
  • Support for essentiality of KEs
  • Empirical support for KERs
  • Dose and temporal concordance table covering the larger AOP network

Overall, the weight of evidence for the sequence of key events laid out in the AOP is moderate to high. Nonetheless, the exact underlying mechanism of TH disruption leading to impaired swim bladder inflation is not understood.

Domain of Applicability

Addressess the relevant biological domain(s) of applicability in terms of sex, life-stage, taxa, and other aspects of biological context. More help

Taxonomic: Organogenesis of the swim bladder begins with an evagination from the gut. In physostomous fish, a connection between the swim bladder and the gut is retained. In physoclystous fish, once initial inflation by gulping atmospheric air at the water surface has occurred, the swim bladder is closed off from the digestive tract and swim bladder volume is regulated by gas secretion into the swim bladder (Woolley and Qin, 2010). This AOP is currently mainly based on experimental evidence from studies on zebrafish and fathead minnows, physostomous fish with a two-chambered swim bladder. This AOP is not applicable to fish that do not have a second swim bladder chamber that inflates during larval development, e.g., the Japanese rice fish or medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Life stage: The current AOP is applicable to the larval life stage, the period in which the anterior chamber of the swim bladder inflates (21 days post fertilization in zebrafish).

Sex: All key events in this AOP are plausibly applicable to both sexes. Sex differences are not often investigated in tests using early life stages of fish. For zebrafish and fathead minnow, it is currently unclear whether sex-related differences are important in determining the magnitude of the changes across the sequence of events in this AOP. Different fish species have different sex determination and differentiation strategies. Zebrafish do not have identifiable heteromorphic sex chromosomes and sex is determined by multiple genes and influenced by the environment (Nagabhushana and Mishra, 2016). Zebrafish are undifferentiated gonochorists since both sexes initially develop an immature ovary (Maack and Segner, 2003). Immature ovary development progresses until approximately the onset of the third week. Later, in female fish immature ovaries continue to develop further, while male fish undergo transformation of ovaries into testes. Final transformation into testes varies among male individuals, however finishes usually around 6 weeks post fertilization. Since the anterior chamber inflates around 21 days post fertilization in zebrafish, sex differences are expected to play a minor role in the current AOP. Fathead minnow gonad differentiation also occurs during larval development. Fathead minnows utilize a XY sex determination strategy and markers can be used to genotype sex in life stages where the sex is not yet clearly defined morphologically (Olmstead et al., 2011). Ovarian differentiation starts at 10 dph followed by rapid development (Van Aerle et al., 2004). At 25 dph germ cells of all stages up to the primary oocytes stage were present and at 120 dph, vitellogenic oocytes were present. The germ cells (spermatogonia) of the developing testes only entered meiosis around 90–120 dph. Mature testes with spermatozoa are present around 150 dph. Since the anterior chamber inflates around 14 days post fertilization (9 dph) in fathead minnows, sex differences are expected to play a minor role in the current AOP.

Essentiality of the Key Events

The essentiality of KEs can only be assessed relative to the impact of manipulation of a given KE (e.g., experimentally blocking or exacerbating the event) on the downstream sequence of KEs defined for the AOP. Consequently, evidence supporting essentiality is assembled on the AOP page, rather than on the independent KE pages that are meant to stand-alone as modular units without reference to other KEs in the sequence. The nature of experimental evidence that is relevant to assessing essentiality relates to the impact on downstream KEs and the AO if upstream KEs are prevented or modified. This includes: Direct evidence: directly measured experimental support that blocking or preventing a KE prevents or impacts downstream KEs in the pathway in the expected fashion. Indirect evidence: evidence that modulation or attenuation in the magnitude of impact on a specific KE (increased effect or decreased effect) is associated with corresponding changes (increases or decreases) in the magnitude or frequency of one or more downstream KEs. More help

Overall, the confidence in the supporting data for essentiality of KEs within the AOP is moderate. There is indirect evidence that reduced thyroid hormone synthesis causes reduced anterior swim bladder inflation from a study where a similar MIE was targeted: Chopra et al. (2019) showed that knockdown of dual oxidase, another enzyme that is important for TH synthesis since it provides hydrogen peroxide for iodide oxidation, reduced anterior swim bladder inflation. It should be noted that dual oxidase also plays a role in oxidative stress. Additionally, there is indirect evidence from deiodinase knockdowns supporting the downstream part of the AOP linking decreased T3 levels to reduced swim bladder inflation (targeted at posterior chamber inflation, not specifically at anterior chamber inflation, see AOPs 155-158). There is also evidence that alleviation of the effect on anterior chamber inflation reduces the effect on swimming performance.

Evidence Assessment

Addressess the biological plausibility, empirical support, and quantitative understanding from each KER in an AOP. More help

Biological plausibility: see Table. Overall, the weight of evidence for the biological plausibility of the KERs in the AOP is moderate since there is empirical support for an association between the sets of KEs and the KERs are plausible based on analogy to accepted biological relationships, but scientific understanding is not completely established.

Empirical support: see Table. Overall, the empirical support for the KERs in the AOP is moderate since dependent changes in sets of KEs following exposure to several specific stressors has been demonstrated, with limited evidence for dose and temporal concordance and some uncertainties.

Known Modulating Factors

Modulating factors (MFs) may alter the shape of the response-response function that describes the quantitative relationship between two KES, thus having an impact on the progression of the pathway or the severity of the AO.The evidence supporting the influence of various modulating factors is assembled within the individual KERs. More help
Modulating Factor (MF) Influence or Outcome KER(s) involved
     

Quantitative Understanding

Optional field to provide quantitative weight of evidence descriptors.  More help

There is some level of quantitative understanding that can form the basis for development of a quantitative AOP. Quantitative relationships between reduced T4 and reduced T3, and between reduced T3 and reduced anterior chamber inflation were established. The latter is particularly critical for linking impaired swim bladder inflation to TH disruption.

Considerations for Potential Applications of the AOP (optional)

Addressess potential applications of an AOP to support regulatory decision-making.This may include, for example, possible utility for test guideline development or refinement, development of integrated testing and assessment approaches, development of (Q)SARs / or chemical profilers to facilitate the grouping of chemicals for subsequent read-across, screening level hazard assessments or even risk assessment. More help

A growing number of environmental pollutants are known to adversely affect the thyroid hormone system, and major gaps have been identified in the tools available for the identification, and the hazard and risk assessment of these thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals. Villeneuve et al. (2014) discussed the relevance of swim bladder inflation as a potential key event and endpoint of interest in fish tests. Knapen et al. (2020) provide an example of how the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework and associated data generation can address current testing challenges in the context of fish early-life stage tests, and fish tests in general. While the AOP is only applicable to fish, some of the upstream KEs are relevant across vertebrates. The taxonomic domain of applicability call of the KEs can be found on the respective pages. A suite of assays covering all the essential biological processes involved in the underlying toxicological pathways can be implemented in a tiered screening and testing approach for thyroid hormone disruption in fish, using the levels of assessment of the OECD’s Conceptual Framework for the Testing and Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals as a guide. Specifically, for this AOP, thyroperoxidase inhibition can be assessed using an in chemico assay, measurements of T4 and T3 levels could be added to the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test (OECD TG 236), the Fish Early Life Stage Toxicity (FELS) Test (OECD TG210) and the Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT), and assessments of anterior chamber inflation and swimming performance could be added to the FELS Test and FSDT.

Thyroid hormone system disruption causes multiple unspecific effects. Addition of TH measurements could aid in increasing the diagnostic capacity of a battery of endpoints since they are specific to the TH system. A battery of endpoints would ideally include the MIE, the AO and TH levels as the causal link. It is also in this philosophy that TH measurements are currently being considered as one of the endpoints in project 2.64 of the OECD TG work plan, “Inclusion of thyroid endpoints in OECD fish Test Guidelines”. While thyroid hormone measurements showed low levels of variation and were highly predictive of downstream effects in dedicated experiments to support this AOP, more variability may be present in other studies. Because of the rapid development in fish, it is important to compare thyroid hormone levels within specific developmental stages. For example, clear changes in thyroid hormone levels have been observed in zebrafish at 5, 14, 21 and 32 dpf (Stinckens et al., 2016; Stinckens et al., 2020) and in fathead minnows at 4, 6, 10, 14, 18 and 21 dpf (Nelson et al., 2016; Cavallin et al., 2017) using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS).

References

List of the literature that was cited for this AOP. More help

Brown, C.L., Doroshov, S.I., Nunez, J.M., Hadley, C., Vaneenennaam, J., Nishioka, R.S., Bern, H.A., 1988. MATERNAL TRIIODOTHYRONINE INJECTIONS CAUSE INCREASES IN SWIMBLADDER INFLATION AND SURVIVAL RATES IN LARVAL STRIPED BASS, MORONE-SAXATILIS. Journal of Experimental Zoology 248, 168-176.

Chopra, K., Ishibashi, S., Amaya, E., 2019. Zebrafish duox mutations provide a model for human congenital hypothyroidism. Biology Open 8.

Flores MV, Crawford KC, Pullin LM, Hall CJ, Crosier KE, Crosier PS. 2010. Dual oxidase in the intestinal epithelium of zebrafish larvae has anti-bacterial properties. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 400(1):164-168.

Godfrey, A., Hooser, B., Abdelmoneim, A., Horzmann, K.A., Freemanc, J.L., Sepulveda, M.S., 2017. Thyroid disrupting effects of halogenated and next generation chemicals on the swim bladder development of zebrafish. Aquatic Toxicology 193, 228-235.

Knapen, D., Angrish, M.M., Fortin, M.C., Katsiadaki, I., Leonard, M., Margiotta-Casaluci, L., Munn, S., O'Brien, J.M., Pollesch, N., Smith, L.C., Zhang, X.W., Villeneuve, D.L., 2018. Adverse outcome pathway networks I: Development and applications. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 37, 1723-1733.

Knapen, D., Stinckens, E., Cavallin, J.E., Ankley, G.T., Holbech, H., Villeneuve, D.L., Vergauwen, L., 2020. Toward an AOP Network-Based Tiered Testing Strategy for the Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption. Environmental Science & Technology 54, 8491-8499.

Liu, Y.W., Chan, W.K., 2002. Thyroid hormones are important for embryonic to larval transitory phase in zebrafish. Differentiation 70, 36-45.

Maack, G., Segner, H., 2003. Morphological development of the gonads in zebrafish. Journal of Fish Biology 62, 895-906.

Nagabhushana A, Mishra RK. 2016. Finding clues to the riddle of sex determination in zebrafish. Journal of Biosciences. 41(1):145-155.

Nelson, K., Schroeder, A., Ankley, G., Blackwell, B., Blanksma, C., Degitz, S., Flynn, K., Jensen, K., Johnson, R., Kahl, M., Knapen, D., Kosian, P., Milsk, R., Randolph, E., Saari, T., Stinckens, E., Vergauwen, L., Villeneuve, D., 2016. Impaired anterior swim bladder inflation following exposure to the thyroid peroxidase inhibitor 2-mercaptobenzothiazole part I: Fathead minnow. Aquatic Toxicology 173, 192-203.

Niethammer P, Grabher C, Look AT, Mitchison TJ. 2009. A tissue-scale gradient of hydrogen peroxide mediates rapid wound detection in zebrafish. Nature. 459(7249):996-U123.

Olmstead AW, Villeneuve DL, Ankley GT, Cavallin JE, Lindberg-Livingston A, Wehmas LC, Degitz SJ. 2011. A method for the determination of genetic sex in the fathead minnow, pimephales promelas, to support testing of endocrine-active chemicals. Environmental Science & Technology. 45(7):3090-3095.

Robertson, G.N., McGee, C.A.S., Dumbarton, T.C., Croll, R.P., Smith, F.M., 2007. Development of the swimbladder and its innervation in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Journal of Morphology 268, 967-985.

Stinckens, E., Vergauwen, L., Blackwell, B.R., Anldey, G.T., Villeneuve, D.L., Knapen, D., 2020. Effect of Thyroperoxidase and Deiodinase Inhibition on Anterior Swim Bladder Inflation in the Zebrafish. Environmental Science & Technology 54, 6213-6223.

Stinckens, E., Vergauwen, L., Schroeder, A., Maho, W., Blackwell, B., Witters, H., Blust, R., Ankley, G., Covaci, A., Villeneuve, D., Knapen, D., 2016. Impaired anterior swim bladder inflation following exposure to the thyroid peroxidase inhibitor 2-mercaptobenzothiazole part II: Zebrafish. Aquatic Toxicology 173, 204-217.

van Aerle R, Runnalls TJ, Tyler CR. 2004. Ontogeny of gonadal sex development relative to growth in fathead minnow. Journal of Fish Biology. 64(2):355-369.

Villeneuve, D., Angrish, M., Fortin, M., Katsiadaki, I., Leonard, M., Margiotta-Casaluci, L., Munn, S., O'Brien, J., Pollesch, N., Smith, L., Zhang, X., Knapen, D., 2018. Adverse Outcome Pathway Networks II: Network Analytics. Environ Toxicol Chem doi: 10.1002/etc.4124.

Villeneuve, D., Volz, D.C., Embry, M.R., Ankley, G.T., Belanger, S.E., Leonard, M., Schirmer, K., Tanguay, R., Truong, L., Wehmas, L., 2014. Investigating alternatives to the fish early-life stage test: a strategy for discovering and annotating adverse outcome pathways for early fish development. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 33, 158-169.

Woolley, L.D., Qin, J.G., 2010. Swimbladder inflation and its implication to the culture of marine finfish larvae. Reviews in Aquaculture 2, 181-190.

Xu JP, Zhang RT, Zhang T, Zhao G, Huang Y, Wang HL, Liu JX. 2017. Copper impairs zebrafish swimbladder development by down-regulating wnt signaling. Aquatic Toxicology. 192:155-164.

Zhou XY, Zhang T, Ren L, Wu JJ, Wang WM, Liu JX. 2016. Copper elevated embryonic hemoglobin through reactive oxygen species during zebrafish erythrogenesis. Aquatic Toxicology. 175:1-11.